CONTENTS

Preface

In 1981, the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas, published an excellent selected bibliography of periodical articles and dissertations on Dwight D. Eisenhower compiled by Robert D. Bohanan (see Bibliographies and Indexes). My intent has been that my bibliography, published in commemoration of the centennial of Eisenhower's birth, would be an adjunct to the Bohanan work. Thus, I have emphasized published monographs and have included periodical articles only if they were published after the early 1981 cutoff date for the Bohanan bibliography or were not listed in that collection. Most articles included here are from professional historical or military journals. Readers seeking articles in popular magazines such as Time, The Saturday Evening Post, or McCalls should search volumes of the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature beginning with the volumes for the World War II period. Dozens if not hundreds of citations appear in the cumulated volumes of the Readers' Guide. With one exception, such articles are not included here. Elmer T. Peterson's interview of Eisenhower's mother for Better Homes and Gardens in June 1943 was so interesting and unusual that I included it.

Besides books and journal articles, I have also included a few major microform collections of documents or oral history collections that are sold by microform publishers and thus should be available at major university libraries or other research centers around the country. No bibliography contains all the existing sources. I have included all those I could identify during the time allowed to compile and annotate this bibliography for publication. After first concentrating on Eisenhower himself, I expanded my focus to include works by and about personalities associated with him, as those works contain material about him too.

I owe many people thanks for their assistance in helping me complete this bibliography. Those to whom I owe special gratitude include Mrs. Betty Bohannon, Ms. Carol Ramkey, and Mr. John Rogers, reference librarians, and Mrs. Mary Jo Nelson, long-suffering interlibrary loan technician-all on the staff of the Combined Arms Research Library (CARL), U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. I also thank Mr. Dennis Vetock and Ms. Louise Arnold, reference technical information specialists at the U.S. Army Military History Institute, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.

The Combat Studies Institute's editors, Mrs. Marilyn Edwards and Mr. Don Gilmore, have provided miraculous guidance in the final publishing of my bibliography, and I thank them for this dedication and the quality of their work. In addition, Mrs. Robbin Kern, CSI's editorial assistant, provided exemplary support in preparing the manuscript using the Ventura Desktop Publishing system.

To me, as to millions of other Americans old enough to remember victory in World War II, Dwight D. Eisenhower was "Ike" and a member of our families. He was one of us and more than us. He was a real American hero, and he still is.

Elizabeth R. Snoke
Technical Information Specialist [Librarian]
Combat Studies Institute

Bibliographies and Indexes

Bohanan, Robert D., comp. Dwight D. Eisenhower: A Selected Bibliography of Periodical and Dissertation Literature. Abilene, KS: Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, National Archives and Records Service, 1981.

This is the best bibliography of its type available on Eisenhower. Bohanan divides the bibliography into two sections. The first lists 741 periodical articles under 10 broad subject areas. Entries are listed alphabetically by author under each subject but are numbered consecutively throughout the section beginning with the first entry. Author and subject indexes refer to the entry numbers. In this section, most entries are annotated. The second section of the bibliography lists 558 dissertations arranged alphabetically under 23 subjects and numbered consecutively throughout the section. An author index refers to the numbers, but there is no subject index and entries are not annotated.

DeSantis, Vincent. "Eisenhower Revisionism." Review of Politics 38 (No. 2 - 1976):190 - 207.

Early analyses of the effectiveness of the Eisenhower presidency were often negative. DeSantis found that historians' attitudes had changed by 1976, and most studies were favorable since peace and prosperity in America were prevalent during Eisenhower's administration. Even some of the early critics had changed their views. This work is not strictly a bibliography, but DeSantis' discussion of a number of studies forms a bibliographical essay.

Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. Historical Materials in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library. Abilene, KS: The Library, August 1988.

As described in the introduction, this 88-page bibliography contains separate alphabetical listings of manuscripts, federal records, microfilm, oral histories, and audiovisual holdings of the Eisenhower Library. Personal papers in manuscript form or on microfilm are listed under the person's name. Entries give the inclusive dates of the collection, volume in linear feet (2,000 pages equals 1 foot) or meters or rolls of microfilm, and a brief description of the person and his or her relationship to Eisenhower. To oral history collection in the library has two parts-one begun in 1960 in cooperation with the Columbia University Oral History Project and the library's own project begun in 1963. The library's audiovisual collection contains some 210,000 still prints; 585,000 feet of motion picture film and videotape; and 2,298 hours of audio recordings. Other library guides and specific collections are also given. This is another excellent and current research aid.

Fitzgerald, Carol B., ed. Dwight D. Eisenhower. 2 vols. Westport, CT: Meckler Corporation, June 1991.

When published, this two-volume work should be an extremely useful research aid.

Gole, Lydia J., and Louise A. Arnold, comps. Dwight D. Eisenhower: A Selected Bibliography of Sources at the U.S. Army War College Library and U.S. Army Military History Institute. Carlisle Barracks, PA, Spring 1990.

Gole and Arnold offer a selected list of bibliographies, books, and unpublished documents (including theses), articles, nonprint items, and manuscript materials available at one or both of their libraries. Entries are listed alphabetically by author under each category. Some entries have brief annotations-apparently to clarify the contents when titles do not do so.

Miller, Lester L. WWII General of the Army Officers: A Selective Bibliography. Fort Sill, OK: Morris Swett Library, 1983. DTIC ADA 122869. NTIS ADA 1228691XSP.

Miller's bibliography is a selected listing of books, reports, and serial items about the five U.S. Army generals who attained the rank of General of the Army during or soon after World War II.

Shoemaker, Ralph Joseph. The President's Words, an Index. 7 vols. Louisville, KY: D.G. Shoemaker and R. J. Shoemaker, 1954-61.

Each volume is an alphabetical index to Eisenhower's speeches, messages to Congress, press conferences, executive orders, letters, and other statements issued during the period covered by the volume. Index entries include regular subjects, personal names, phrases, quotations, and specific words. Pages are printed in three columns, with the first column listing the subject, the second indicating the source (press conference, etc.), and the third giving the date. Chronological contents of the volumes are volume 1, June 1952 - May 1954; volume 2, June 1954 - December 1955; volume 3, 1956; volume 4, 1957; volume 5, 1958; volume 6, 1959; and volume 7, 1960 - 6 1.

Stapleton, Margaret L., comp. The Truman and Eisenhower Years: 1945-1960, a Selective Bibliography. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1973.

Stapleton's bibliography, which has no annotations, lists more than 1,600 entries arranged first under general subjects that are further subdivided. General topics include "Government and Politics," "American Foreign Policy," "Military Policy in the Atomic Age," "Domestic Affairs," and "Social and Intellectual Trends." Subtopics are as specific as "Statehood: Alaska and Hawaii," "The U-2 Incident," or "The Rise and Fall of Senator McCarthy." Entries are listed alphabetically by author under a subject but are numbered consecutively throughout the book. As appropriate, some entries are repeated under related subjects. Author and title indexes refer to the numbers of the entries.

Vexler, Robert I. Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1890-1969: Chronology- Documents - Bibliographical Aids. Presidential Chronology series. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1970.

Vexler's three-part guide is one of the first published on Eisenhower. The first section is a fairly detailed chronological listing of important events in Eisenhower's life, but it should be used with care because of the number of typographical errors. The second part contains sixteen documents from the presidential years, including the inaugural addresses; the announcement of the Korean Armistice; and a number of special messages to Congress on the Middle East crisis (5 January 1957), space conquest and exploration, and civil rights. The third part, a bibliography, is so small that it is useless.

Works by Eisenhower

Eisenhower, Dwight David. At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967. Paperback ed. Philadelphia, PA: Eastern Acorn, 1981; Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books, 1988.

At Ease is a collection of anecdotes and recollections of Eisenhower's life before the presidency and gives a personal view of the man. He describes incidents from his boyhood, his first year at West Point, his courtship of Mamie, his friendships with Patton and Marshall, and his rise to command Allied and NATO forces.

-----. Crusade in Europe. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1948.

Eisenhower wrote his own record of the role he played before and during World War II and of a postwar trip to the Soviet Union. His clear descriptions of events and evaluations of fellow officers such as Generals George S. Patton Jr. and George C. Marshall are especially insightful.

-----.Dear General: Eisenhower's Wartime Letters to Marshall. Edited by Joseph Patrick Hobbs. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971.

Eisenhower's letters to Chief of Staff George C. Marshall reveal his growth in capabilities as supreme commander in Europe and the levels of work and decision making he had to do.

-----. Eisenhower Speaks: Dwight D. Eisenhower in His Messages and Speeches. Selected and edited by Rudolph L. Treuenfels. New York: Farrar, Strauss, 1948.

This work includes Eisenhower's public statements from his V-E Order of the Day of 8 May 1945 to his final report as Army chief of staff in 1948. Also included are congressional testimony, European speeches, and addresses to college audiences and other groups.

-----. Eisenhower's Own Story of the War: The Complete Report by the Supreme Commander on the War in Europe from the Day of Invasion to the Day of Victory. New York: Arco, 1946.

This is a civilian-published version of the official report that was published in Washington, D.C., as Allied Forces, Supreme Headquarters, Report by the Supreme Commander to the Combined Chiefs of Staff on the Operations in Europe of the Allied Expeditionary Force, 6 June 1944 to 8 May 1945.

-----. General Eisenhower on the Military Churchill: A Conversation With Alistair Cooke. New York: W.W. Norton Co., 1970.

In this volume is the text of a television interview between Eisenhower and Alistair Cooke, a transplanted Englishman who made weekly broadcasts to Britain called "A Letter From America." The text is expanded and embellished by numerous photographs and other material. Cooke spent three days with Eisenhower at his Gettysburg farm discussing various topics ranging from his childhood, to golf, to the code of a soldier. The television interview concentrates on Eisenhower's experiences with and evaluations of Winston Churchill, whose desire to be at the front of the action often created problems.

-----. Ike's Letters to a Friend, 1941 - 1958. Edited with introduction and notes by Robert Griffith. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1984.

In this book are letters Eisenhower wrote between 1941 and 1958 to Everett E.. Hazlett, a boyhood friend and naval officer, on subjects such as politics, military diplomacy, and interservice rivalry. The letters reveal the personal, Eisenhower and also his enjoyment of the positions he held. Editor Robert Griffith provides an introduction and a commentary in the text that links the letters together.

-----. In Review:. Pictures I've Kept, a Concise Pictorial "Autobiography." Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1968.

This volume is a compilation of pictorial sections from Eisenhower's other books.

-----. Letters to Mamie. Edited and with commentary by John S. D. Eisenhower. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978.

The president's son edited 319 letters that Ike wrote to Mamie between June 1942 and November 1945, adding appropriate comments about people and events. No war information appears in the letters, only glimpses of a man writing home to his wife.

-----. Peace With Justice- Selected Addresses. Foreword by Grayson Kirk. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.

This work contains thirty speeches and messages, beginning with a March 1950 address at Columbia University. Also included are four talks given by Eisenhower during the annual lighting of the White House Christmas tree, a final appearance before the United Nations General Assembly in September 1960, and an address to be given on a visit to Leningrad that ever took place.

-----. Selected Speeches of Dwight David Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States: Selected From the Three Principal Periods of His Life - as Supreme Allied Commander in Europe During the War Years, as Supreme NATO Commander [and] as President. Washington DC: United States Goverm-nent Printing Office 1970.

This paperbound collection was printed for the public but bears the notation "91st Congress, Second Session, House Document no. 91-355" above the title. It contains twenty-nine of Eisenhower's speeches, beginning with his D-Day message broadcast to the people of western Europe and following chronologically through his presidency and later years to his last address on the dangers of communism made from Walter Reed Hospital on 5 August 1968. Also included are other speeches he made as president of Columbia University and as a presidential candidate, his inaugural addresses, his first State of the Union address, and his announcement of the signing of the Korean Armistice.

-----. "Tanks With Infantry." Typescript. Fort Leavenworth, KS: The Command and General Staff School, 1932. 1 vol., various pagings.

The first paper of nine in this thick compilation was "prepared by Major D. D. Eisenhower" and provides the author and cover title for the collection. Like some of the papers in the collection, Eisenhower's is undated, but still others of the nine bear dates from 1920 to 1924. Eisenhower's paper and some of the others have "Infantry Training Memorandum No. _" at the top of the title page. Eisenhower apparently titled his paper "Tanks," but a handprinted addition altered the title to "Tanks With Infantry." In the first section, of the nine-page, single-spaced paper, Eisenhower summarizes general lessons learned from the World War I use of tanks with infantry and offers recommendations concerning special weapons proven useful (machine guns, smoke bombs, and so forth). In the second part, he discusses the training of division tank organizations, including the types of tanks, possible missions, and suggestions on how to accomplish the missions.

-----. The Eisenhower College Collection: The Paintings of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Text by Kenneth S. Davis. Los Angeles, CA: Nash, 1972.

Besides playing golf and fishing, Dwight Eisenhower enjoyed painting for relaxation. This volume contains fifty full-color reproductions of his oil paintings and provides another insight into the interests of a complex man.

-----. The Eisenhower Diaries. Edited by Robert H. Ferrell. New York: Norton, 1981.

Rather than diaries, this work is a collection of intermittent notations that Eisenhower wrote between 1935 and 1967. Ferrell's careful editing and commentary draw them together into a valuable source to be used with Ike's other memoirs. The entries in this book are much more intimate than those in other memoirs.

-----. The Papers of Dwight. David Eisenhower. Alfred D. Chandler Jr., editor; Stephen E. Ambrose, associate editor. _ vols. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970 - .

Appearing in 1970, the first five volumes, subtitled The War Years, cover the period from December 1941 to May 1945 and include all types of documents arranged in chronological order. Chandler, Ambrose, and others selected the documents, and Eisenhower himself approved their inclusion in this work. The editors carefully annotated and cross-referenced the documents. Other volumes in the not-yet-completed set are volume 6, Occupation, 1945; volumes 7 - 9, The Chief of Staff; volumes 10 - 11, Columbia University; and volumes 12 - 13, NATO and the Campaign of 1952 (published in 1989).

-----. The Quotable Dwight D. Eisenhower. Compiled and edited by Elsie Gollagher and the staff of Quote. Anderson, SC: S. C. Drake House, distributed by Grosset and Dunlap, New York, 1967.

In compiling this quick reference for Eisenhower's comments on topics of his day, the editors arranged brief statements from Eisenhower's speeches under alphabetically arranged subjects. The subjects range from "Accomplishment," "Aggression," and "Allies" to "Leadership," "Philanthropy," "Poverty," "Sacrifice," and "Security" and include personal and place names such as Richard Nixon and Lebanon. Some very general topics such as "Government" are further subdivided.

-----. The White House Years. 2 vols. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963 - 65.

Volume 1, Mandate for Change, 1953-1956, covers Eisenhower's political career from 1943, when suggestions of his candidacy first appeared, through his first term as president. Appendixes include a number of documents such as the SEATO treaty. Volume 2, Waging Peace, 1956-1961, is a detailed account of Eisenhower's second term, when he dealt with such events as the Suez crisis, the intervention in Lebanon, the revolt in Hungary, racial confrontations in Little Rock, Arkansas, and interactions with such world leaders as Khrushchev, Castro, de Gaulle, and Nasser.

-----. Unity of Purpose Urged for Security of North Atlantic Area: Report of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, to Members of Congress, February 1, 1951. General Foreign Policy Series, 42. Washington, DC: Department of State, 1951.

This eighteen-page pamphlet contains Eisenhower's personal report to Congress on the status and needs of NATO in a Europe still recovering from the devastation of World War II. It is a realistic, not too detailed appraisal with an upbeat tone. One major theme is Eisenhower's call for more U.S. support in the form of military equipment and munitions rather than men. Also, Eisenhower cites his approval of the old Lend-Lease Plan of World War II that had placed equipment and arms in the hands of Allied fighting men without committing American forces.

United States. Department of the Army. General Staff. Final Report of the Chief of Staff, United States Army, to the Secretary of the Army, 7 February 1948. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1948.

In the fall of 1945, General Eisenhower returned from Europe and his role as supreme commander of the victorious Allied forces to become chief of staff of the Army. The immediate postwar period was one of turmoil and change for the Army. Rapid demobilization reduced the Army to a skeletal and widely dispersed force. With Eisenhower's support and approval, Congress passed the National Security Act of 1947 that created the Department of Defense and turned the Army Air Forces into a separate service, the U.S. Air Force. In 1948, Eisenhower retired. This twenty-seven page pamphlet is his final report in which he summarizes developments during his tour of duty and discusses, among many topics, the need for national defense and ongoing readiness involving the military and all areas of the civilian economy; maintaining international cooperation with and support of U.S. allies; building and supporting military forces capable of defending the United States and destroying an enemy in retaliatory strikes; and all the services working as a team rather than for single interests. In many respects, what Eisenhower records here is a forthright statement of the ideas and policies he proposed and followed as president.

United States. President. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President: Dwight D. Eisenhower. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1953 - 61.

Eight volumes of this set concern the Eisenhower presidency, with each volume covering one or more years. Documents in the set include everything from citations to Congressional Medal of Honor recipients to comments on the deaths of dignitaries and messages to the American people. All are in chronological order.

-----. The Cumulated Indexes to the Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953 - 1961. Millwood, NY: KTO Press, 1978.

This is an immensely useful subject index to the eight volumes on Eisenhower in the government series. Subjects include proper and place names. Cross-referencing guides the user to the information required.

Works by or About Members of the Family

Ambrose, Stephen E., and, Richard H. Immerman. Milton S. Eisenhower: Educational Statesman. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983.

As experts on Dwight Eisenhower, his era, and his administration, historians Ambrose and Immerman were familiar with the role Milton Eisenhower played as an adviser to his brother. Here, these historians cooperate to produce a biography of Milton Eisenhower. Enhanced by the opportunity to work extensively with their subject, their research resulted in a fine record of Milton's life and achievements. Of greatest interest to this centennial bibliography are the accounts of Milton's close relationship with Ike. The description of how Milton advanced and supported Ike's military career in the 1930s and early 1940s is fascinating. In the 1930s, Milton was in the middle of his career in civil service and was the wellknown Eisenhower in Washington. When Ike was assigned there, Milton took him to many official and unofficial affairs, introducing him to high officials and the press corps. When Ike appointed Vichy French Admiral Jean Darlan as governor general of French North Africa after the Allied invasion there and began receiving much criticism for the act, Milton Eisenhower and other high officials supported Ike. President Roosevelt sent Milton to North Africa to help resolve the crisis and to take over the operation of the Free French Radio until the furor died.

Brandon, Dorothy Barrett. Mamie Doud Eisenhower: A Portrait of a First Lady. New York: Scribner, 1954.

The author presents an informal, human portrait of Mamie from her first meeting with Ike to his inauguration as president.

Duncan, Kunigunde. Earning the Right to Do Fancywork: An Informal Biography of Mrs. Ida Eisenhower, the President's Mother. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1957.

Mrs. Duncan based her 38-page biographical sketch on information gleaned from a number of interviews with Mrs. Eisenhower.

Eisenhower, David. Eisenhower at War, 1943-1945. New York: Random House, 1986.

To a very detailed record of Ike's experiences as supreme commander of the Allied forces, David Eisenhower adds material on the family, daily routines, and the Allied headquarters, including vivid descriptions of the personalities involved.

Eisenhower, Edgar Newton, with John McCallum. Six Roads From Abilene: Some Personal Recollections of Edgar Eisenhower. Seattle, WA: Wood & Reber, 1960.

Six Roads is an "as-told-to" record published when Edgar Newton Eisenhower was seventy years old and had practiced law in Tacoma, Washington, for more than forty-five years. The book, which has considerable material on Dwight, provides an excellent insight into the family life of the Eisenhower brothers and their parents.

Eisenhower, John S. D. Strictly Personal. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974.

In his autobiography, John Eisenhower describes his own military career in the shadow of his father and his working and personal relationships with his father. He provides a view of Ike from a singular vantage point.

-----. The Bitter Woods: The Dramatic Story, Told at All Echelons, From Supreme Commander to Squad Leader, of the Crisis That Shook the Western Coalition - Hitler's Surprise Ardennes Offensive. New York: Putnam, 1969.

The Bitter Woods is a history of the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944. Integral to this book are the sections about Eisenhower as the supreme Allied commander and his staff as they reacted to the German counteroffensive.

Eisenhower, Milton Stover. The President Is Calling. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974.

Milton Eisenhower was Dwight's youngest brother and a career public servant. For forty-nine years, he worked for eight presidents (from Calvin Coolidge to Richard Nixon), and he describes his experiences under those men. The importance of this autobiography is the account of his work with Ike as confidant and adviser.

-----. The Wine Is Bitter: The United States and Latin America. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963.

As a consultant for his brother, Dr. Milton Eisenhower undertook a number of missions to countries in Central and South America. In this book, he combines a record of his experiences on those missions with an analysis of the affairs in the region.

Hatch, Alden. Red Carpet for Mamie. New York: Holt, 1954.

Unlike Dorothy Brandon, Hatch covers Mamie's entire life. Important here is the additional information on her childhood and family.

Kornitzer, Bela. The Great American Heritage. The Story of the Five Eisenhower Brothers. New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1955.

Kornitzer quotes extensively from his interviews with Ike's brothers and presents a picture of their parents and familmy life as well as the brothers' individual views on social and political subjects.

Neal, Steve. The Eisenhowers: Reluctant Dynasty. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978; Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1984.

A reporter for the Philadelphia Inquirer, Neal provides information on the Eisenhowers, from their earliest American records in the 1740s to the 1970s. He emphasizes Ike's military career and presidency and the parallel career of Milton Eisenhower, along with activities of Ike's son, John; grandson, David; and others. In all, the book gives a good account of this American family.

Peterson, Elmer T. "Mother Eisenhower Talks About Her Most Famous Son." Better Homes and Gardens 21 (June 1943):18-19+.

While General Eisenhower was directing his forces to victory in North Africa, his eighty-plus-year-old mother talked to Elmer Peterson about raising her sons in a household where life was simple and self-sufficient and all the young men thrived. She described Ike's skill in cooking everything from stews to apple pie and his love of gardening that endured through 1941 when, at Fort Lewis, Washington, he grew a vegetable garden. This article provides an intimate and affectionate view of Ike's background and has several good pictures of his mother.

Quiring, Virginia M., ed. The Milton S. Eisenhower Years at Kansas State University. Manhattan: Friends of the Libraries of Kansas State University, 1986.

Besides his outstanding career in federal civil service and as adviser to eight presidents, Milton Eisenhower was a distinguished educator. During World War II, he became president of Kansas State College (now Kansas State University) and remained there until he became president of Pennsylvania State University and later of Johns Hopkins University. This volume contains nine essays celebrating his seven years at Kansas State College.

Richardson, Fannie Belle Taylor. Eisenhower Lineage and Reference, 1691-September 3, 1957: A Complete Set of the Series of Bulletins on Eisenhower, Eisenhauer, Isenhour, Icenhower, Izanour, etc. Family History Which Were Issued Between August 20, 1956 and December 31, 1957. Greenwood, IN, 1958.

This "one volume of various pagings" is held only in a few genealogical reference collections and was not available for examination.

Complete Biographies and Other Reminiscences

Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower. 2 vols. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983 - 84.

Ambrose, the leading authority on Eisenhower, has written in volume 1, Soldier, General of the Army, President-Elect, 1890-1952, a meticulous, thought-provoking study of Eisenhower from birth to his presidency. In volume 2, The President, which covers the presidency and the years until Eisenhower's death in 1969, Ambrose praises the president most for his handling of international crises and holding to financial policies that brought prosperity to the nation. In this volume, however, he does not hesitate to criticize Ike's failure to support civil rights strongly, to understand Third World needs and hopes, and to improve relations with the Soviet Union.

Beschloss, Michael R. Eisenhower. New York: Harper and Row, 1990.

Information on this book appeared as this bibliography went to press. A journal advertisement stated: "Eisenhower. On the Centennial of His Birth, the Supreme Commander, President and World Figure as Seen in Never-Before-Published Photographs. With text by Michael R. Beschloss."

Brendon, Piers. Ike, His Life and Times. New York: Harper and Row, 1986.

British author Brendon refutes recent claims of Eisenhower's greatness as a president, asserting that, while Ike's conservatism and caution helped him manage Allied affairs and control Patton and Montgomery, the same qualities made him a poor president. Brendon faults Ike for not standing up to Senator McCarthy, for supporting covert CIA intelligence activities that led to later debacles in Central America and Vietnam, and for failing to support the civil rights movement.

Burk, Robert Fredrick. Dwight D. Eisenhower: Hero and Politician. Boston, MA: Twayne Publications, a division of G. K. Hall, 1986.

This biography identifies Eisenhower as a man capable of skillfully managing his public image, American and Allied forces, and his administration. Yet, Burk asserts, his conservative policies and failure to support needed changes in civil rights and political areas created problems that led to upheavals in the 1960s and 1970s.

Childs, Marquis William. Eisenhower: Captive Hero, a Critical Study of the General and the President. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958.

Childs analyzes Eisenhower as a man, military officer, and president who was stripped of the mystique that fame as a public hero laid on him. In examining the effects of Eisenhower's presidency on the nation, Childs pays particular attention to foreign policy.

David, Lester, and Irene David. Ike and Mamie: The Story of the General and His Lady. New York: Putnam, 1981.

Written mainly from a woman's viewpoint, this is a warm and human record of Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower's successful and long marriage. The marriage survived many problems, including the tragic death of their small first son, the long separations that most military families endure, and the experience of learning to accept each other's eccentricities.

Davis, Kenneth Sydney. Soldier of Democracy: The Biography of Dwight Eisenhower. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1945.

Davis' work is notable as one of the first full biographies on Eisenhower. In the 1950s, Davis updated several editions, with each edition covering Eisenhower's life from his boyhood in Kansas to the events occurring at the time of each particular edition.

Gunther, John. Eisenhower: The Man and the Symbol. New York: Harper, 1952.

Gunther created this book on Eisenhower by expanding a series of articles that he had written for Look magazine. He based his research on personal interviews and materials from other books and reports.

Jameson, Henry B. They Still Call Him Ike. New York: Vantage Press, 1972.

This is not a complete biography in the sense of other books in this section, but it includes information and anecdotes about most periods of Ike's life. Like Eisenhower, Henry Jameson came from Abilene. He first met Ike in 1942 as a rookie Associated Press correspondent and, in June 1944, was the first war correspondent wounded on Omaha Beach during the D-Day invasion. An Abilene newspaper editor in the 1950s and 1960s, Jameson worked with and observed Eisenhower on many occasions. In fact, he was one of the first supporters of Eisenhower for president. His book is rambling, disorganized, and even repetitive at times, yet it is fascinating because of all the unusual anecdotes-Ike and his brothers having a hamburger stand at the county fairgrounds, how the "I Like Ike" slogan began, and Ike's lament to Jameson that, having been supreme commander, he had no "spine tingling" combat stories to tell his grandchildren.

Kinnard, Douglas. Ike, 1890-1990: A Pictorial History. AUSA Institute of Land Warfare book. Washington, DC: Brassey's, 1990.

Published in celebration of the centennial of Eisenhower's birth, this ten-chapter pictorial tribute contains brief descriptions about appropriate periods of Eisenhower's life, followed by many related photographs.

Lee, R. Alton, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Soldier and Statesman. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall, 1981.

Lee synthesizes revisionist interpretations of Eisenhower with a portrait that reviewers called lively but sometimes superficial.

Lyon Peter. Eisenhower: Portrait of the Hero. Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1974.

This critical biography emphasizes Eisenhower's leadership in World War II and his conduct of foreign policy in his presidency. Lyon presents two Eisenhowers: an optimistic public man who succeeded as Allied commander because he had the personality for the position and a man who delegated his work to others - especially as president - and had little real interest in government. According to Ryan, this attitude resulted in a poorly led administration that achieved little in domestic areas and worsened the Cold War.

McCann, Kevin. Man From Abilene: Dwight David Eisenhower, a Story of Leadership. New York: Doubleday, 1952.

The author served as Eisenhower's chief assistant from 1946 to 1951 _a period when Ike was successively Army chief of staff, president of Columbia University, and supreme commander of NATO's armed forces. McCann's book was identified as campaign literature, but multiple reviewers found it to be a balanced biography of the best variety. Thus, it is included here rather than in the section on campaign literature.

Morin, Relman. Dwight Eisenhower: A Gauge of Greatness. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969.

This well-reviewed, study was the first complete biography of Eisenhower to appear after his death.

Nevins, Arthur S. Gettysburg's Five-Star Farmer. New York: Carlton Press, 1977.

This is another entry that is not a biography, but it records Arthur Nevins' (brother of historian Allan Nevins) adult lifetime friendship with Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower. Nevins was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Infantry in 1917 and was assigned to the 57th Infantry in Texas, where he met the regimental supply officer, Captain Eisenhower. The two officers met again in 1936 in the Philippines, and their families began a social life that ended only with Ike's death in 1969. In 1941, Nevins worked under Eisenhower in the War Plans Division of the General Staff and eventually served as head of the Plans and Operations Section of the Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expenditionary Force (SHAEF). Nevins, who became a research editor after the war, helped Ike prepare Crusade in Europe for publication. Also, after the Eisenhowers' purchased their farm in Gettysburg, Permsylvania, Nevins managed it for some seventeen years. Though full of typographical errors, the book is a fascinating view of SHAEF and of Eisenhower as general, leader of men, president, and human being.

Spore, John B. "The Worlds of Dwight D. Eisenhower." Army 19 (May 1969):11 - 14, 68, 70.

Spore, senior editor of Army, has written the best of many fine tributes to and evaluations of the late Dwight Eisenhower as a man, military commander, and president. He especially concentrates on Eisenhower as supreme commander in World War II, using anecdotes and references from the writings of Eisenhower, General Bradley, and Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke among others.

Van Gelder, Lawrence. Ike: A Soldier's Crusade. New York: Universal Publishing and Distribution Corp., 1969.

Van Gelder, a reporter for The New York Times, produced this paperback pictorial and biographical tribute to Eisenhower, published after his death.

Works on Eisenhower's Military Career

Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower and Berlin, 1945: The Decision to Halt at the Elbe. New York:. W. W. Norton, 1967.

In this book, Ambrose examines Eisenhower's decision to stop U.S. forces at the Elbe River, thus allowing the Soviet Army to take Berlin. Considering why Ike made the decision and what the results were, Ambrose concludes, among other things, that even if the Americans had taken Berlin, they would have had to withdraw to other areas as previously agreed.

-----. "Eisenhower and the Intelligence Community in World War II." Journal of Contemporary History [Great Britain] 16 (No. I - 1981):153 - 66.

Ambrose delineates Eisenhower's progress from novice to master in the use of military intelligence in World War II, wherein the supreme commander made skillful use of Ultra and other information and deception in conduct of the war.

-----."Eisenhower, the Intelligence Community and the D-Day Invasion." Wisconsin Magazine of History 64 (No. 4-1981):261-77.

Here Ambrose describes and analyzes Eisenhower's planning for the invasion of Europe, emphasizing his use of intelligence and deception.

-----. "Eisenhower's Generalship." Parameters 20 (June 1990):2-12.

In this special centennial article, Ambrose considers the qualities that made Eisenhower a great leader and commander. Before 1942, Ike's only command assignment had been as a training officer as a lieutenant in 1917. In November 1942, he found himself commanding Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of French North Africa. Beginning at this point, Ambrose highlights Ike's successes and mistakes and tells how he learned from them.

-----. The Supreme Commander: The War Years of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1970.

Ambrose evaluates the command decisions that Eisenhower made during the North Africa and Normandy invasions and in reaction to the German, counteroffensive in the Battle of the Bulge. Also described are relationships between Eisenhower and Allied military and civilian leaders such as Churchill and Montgomery.

Bender, Mark C. Watershed at Leavenworth: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Command and General Staff School. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, United States Army Command and General Staff College, 1990.

Bender's 1988 M.M.A.S. degree thesis at the Command and General Staff College emerges as a Combat Studies Institute special study published in celebration of the centennial of Eisenhower's birth. In a biographical account ending with Eisenhower's arrival at Fort Leavenworth, Bender identifies several themes in Eisenhower's life that were important to his year of study: a drive to excel in his studies, an individualism that led him to work with one teammate rather than the usual study group, and an ability to use the talents of his peers and cultivate friendships that would help his future career. After describing the evolution of the schools at Fort Leavenworth, Bender focuses on Eisenhower's experiences and accomplishments during the 1925-26 school year (he graduated first in his class) and explains how that experience affected his future military career.

Blumenson, Martin. Eisenhower. Ballaritine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century. War Leader Book no. 9. New York: Ballantine Books, 1972.

In this paperback, which includes many illustrations and several maps, Blumenson describes and analyzes Eisenhower's work as the supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II. He considers all sides of the issues on which Eisenhower received criticism, and the result is a balanced account.

-----. "Eisenhower: Great Commander or Chairman of the Board?" Army 16 (June 1966):34 - 45.

Carefully and in some detail, Blumenson cites the opinions of military personnel and historians critical of Eisenhower's role as supreme commander. Most saw him as a lucky, congenial, and popular man who made a good figurehead but otherwise was just a go-between for his superiors in Washington and his subordinate commanders - a "chairman of the board" who made no real decisions and did not want to do so. Then, Blumenson just as carefully refutes such claims with a detailed discussion of Eisenhower's professional schooling and other Army training, his service under leading commanders in the War Department, his ability to pick the best men as part of his command team and to cooperate with leaders from the Allied nations, and his proven ability to make necessary and specific decisions as required. Blumenson concludes that, although the circumstances of his command caused him to play the role of chairman of the board at times, General Eisenhower was a flexible and outstanding military commander.

-----. The Patton Papers. 2 vols. Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin Co., 1972 - 74.

In volume 1 are only two items relating to Eisenhower - a letter Patton wrote Ike on 9 July 1926 congratulating him on graduating first in his class at the Command and General Staff School and a letter to another person on 3 September 1928 indicating that tie and Ike were going sailing. Volume 2 is full of letters and other messages exchanged between the two men, beginning with Ike's note indicating that he was thinking about an armored command under Patton.

Bradley, Omar Nelson. A Soldier's Story. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1951.

This memoir of Bradley's service in World War II is as fine a record as Eisenhower's Crusade in Europe. Important in this book are Bradley's observations of and interactions with Eisenhower.

Butcher, Harry Cecil. My Three Years With Eisenhower: The Personal Diary of Captain Harry C. Butcher, USNR; Naval Aide to General Eisenhower, 1942 to 1945. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1946.

In this 911-page tome, Butcher presents a day-to-day record of his experiences with Ike, tracking the activities of the general and his staff and creating a warm human picture of his commander in chief.

Chase, Margaret. Never Too Late. San Rafael, CA: Ausonia Press, 1983.

When the United States became involved in World War II, Margaret Chase, a high school history and art teacher in San Francisco, volunteered to serve as an American Red Cross field director. She received her training in Washington, D.C., where she met Major Ernest R. "Tex" Lee, an aide to General Eisenhower. Chase's Red Cross assignments continually placed her in areas where Eisenhower's headquarters were located - London, Algiers, andParis. With Tex Lee as her escort, Chase was an active member of Allied headquarters' social life, and her autobiography records her opinions and observations of the headquarters personnel, including Eisenhower and Patton. This book contains no military history but is an unusual record of the life of the Allied headquarters.

D'Este, Carlo. Decision in Normandy. New York: Dutton., 1983.

D'Este meticulously describes the Normandy invasion, concentrating on the beach landing and move inland up to 19 August 1944. He especially considers the role of Field Marshal Montgomery and is critical of Montgomery's conduct of battles and descriptions of them in his writings.

The Eisenhower Foundation. D-Day: The Normandy Invasion in Retrospect. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1971.

This volume contains papers presented at an Eisenhower Foundation symposium on 6-7 June 1969 at the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas, in celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Normandy invasion. The papers, written by such men as Omar Bradley, Martin Blumenson, and former Reich Admiral Friedrich Ruger, cover not only the invasion itself but also the extensive planning before D-Day.

Funk, Arthur L "Churchill, Eisenhower, and the French Resistance." Military Affairs 45 (February 1981):29 - 33.

In late 1943, the success of Yugoslavian partisans against German forces led Winston Churchill to believe that concentrated aid to Resistance forces in southern France could result in considerable disruptions of German activities and support of an Allied invasion of southern France. For varying reasons, General de Gaulle and French Resistance leaders also supported increased aid to the Resistance. As invasion plans progressed, Eisenhower, too, added his support. Funk discusses and compares the attitudes and priorities of each party and how they failed to coordinate their interests and efforts so that, while the resistance movement did receive more aid, proposed uses of the Resistance never materialized.

Garland, Albert N. "They Had Charisma: Marshall, Bradley Patton, Eisenhower; From the Papers of Lt. Gen. Raymond S. McLain." Army 21 (May 1971):26 - 31.

McLain, who commanded the 90th Division in the Normandy invasion, provides personal glimpses of Eisenhower in this article. When he met Eisenhower at Third Army headquarters between Verdun and Metz, he was wearing only one star. After Ike told McLain that he had been promoted, Patton came up with two stars for Ike to pin on. Later, when McLain was commanding XIX Corps, Eisenhower visited some of his troops. After talking to a battalion of the 29th Division, Ike stepped off some boards that made up a walkway, fell and rolled in mud, and, to the delight of the troops, came up smiling.

Hammon, Stratton. "When the Second Lieutenant Bearded General Eisenhower." Military Affairs 47 (October 1983):129-32.

The title of this article is not accurate in terms of what the article describes, but the incident is an interesting anecdote about Ike's headquarters. An engineer officer, Hammon was loaned to the Fine Arts, Movements, and Archives Section of the Normandy invasion force's European Civil Affairs Division. His unit was to preserve, restore, and recover European fine art. The junior officer in Hammon's unit was Second Lieutenant James Rorimer, an experienced museum curator who knew little of military protocol.Toward the end of 1944, SHAEF moved into a number of buildings at the Palace of Versailles complex. Since Ike's office was put in an empty building, his headquarters - personnel requisitioned art treasures and furnishings from the Versailles Museum and another museum. When gossip began to spread about expropriation of these items, Rorimer, scorning channels, confronted the headquarters commandant and effected the return of the treasures to the Versaille Museum, thus saving Eisenhower, from possible embarrassment.

Karl, Dennis R. "Drive for Berlin: The Debate Over Strategy in the Invasion of Germany." American History Illustrated 20 (June 1985):20-27.

Once Allied invasion forces were securely on French soil and advancing, Eisenhower faced a choice of two proposals on the further strateigic conduct of the war. The British wanted to send their forces under General Montgomery forging ahead on a narrow front to take Berlin and crush the Nazis. Most of the American staff - excluding General Patton and a few others - favored a broad-front advancement strategy. Possible success of either strategy was delayed by the British failure of Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands in September 1944 and the German counterattack in December 1944. Yet it was not until General Omar Bradley's forces crossed the Rhine in early March 1945 that General Eisenhower finally decided definitely to pursue the broad-front strategy and agreed with the Soviets to meet their forces southeast of Berlin. In this article, which does not favor Eisenhower, Karl describes these events and others in detail. He makes no overt comments about Eisenhower's decision making, but his tone is one of intense disapproval.

Kingseed, Cole C. "Education of a Combat Commander." Military Review 65 (December 1985):12 - 19.

On the basis that successful command in war means knowing what to do and how to do it, Kingseed analyzes what, besides victory, made Eisenhower successful. Certain areas of Eisenhower's background prepared him for his command in World War II: his training in the Army professional schools - especially the Command and General Staff School; his service in staff positions where he learned the fundamentals of combat support and combat service support; and his assignments under the best Army leaders, including his mentors, Generals Fox Conner and George C. Marshall. As supreme commander of an unprecedented organization, Eisenhower knew from his training and experience what to do and how to do it -or learned quickly.

McKeogh, Michael James, and Richard Lockridge. Sgt. Mickey and General Ike. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1946.

McKeogh, who served as Eisenhower's orderly from the time of his assignment at Fort Houston to the end of World War II, offers a personal viewpoint of Eisenhower and many anecdotes.

Miller, Merle. Ike the Soldier: As They Knew Him. New York: Putnam, 1987.

Miller combines official records with the recollections of those who knew Eisenhower to portray him from his years at West Point through his tour as supreme Allied commander in World War II. Miller corrects common misconceptions about Ike's personality and background.

Morgan, Kay Summersby. Eisenhower Was My Boss. Edited by Michael Kearns. New York.- Prentice-Hall, 1948.

A British WAC, Surnmersby served for three and one-half years with Eisenhower, first as his driver during his African and European campaigns, then as his secretary and military aide. She describes her experiences, painting a very human portrait of the general.

-----. Past Forgetting: My Love Affair With Dwight D. Eisenhower. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976.

Barbara Wyden ghostwrote this volume with Mrs. Morgan and completed it just before Morgan died in 1975. The book recounts Morgan's romantic relationship with the general that ended when Ike returned to Mamie after the war. The book was sensational and was briefly a best seller.

Murphy, Robert Daniel. Diplomat Among Warriors. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1964.

Robert Murphy began his long and distinguished career as a foreign service officer with the State Department in April 1917. Assignments placed him in Munich in the 1920s where he witnessed Hitler's beginnings as a leader of the Nazis and in France from 1930 to 1940 when he was chargé d'affaires, to the Vichy government. President, Roosevelt recalled Murphy in 1940, made him his personal representative, and sent him to survey conditions in French North Africa. In August 1942, Roosevelt assigned Murphy, again as his personal representative, to Eisenhower's staff, a position Murphy held until the end of the war. His autobiography is an exciting account of many events and his work with Eisenhower.

Nadich, Judah. Eisenhower and the Jews. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1953.

Rabbi Judah Nadich was Eisenhower's first adviser on Jewish affairs when the Allied commander faced the complex problems of dealing with the Jews from the concentration camps and displaced person camps. In most of the book, Nadich tells how Eisenhower learned about and quickly moved to help the refugees and also describes further relations between Eisenhower and Jewish groups up to his election as president in 1952. Nadich has included a number of documents in his book.

Odom, Charles B. General George S. Patton and Eisenhower. New Orleans, LA: Word Picture Productions, 1985.

This is a popularly written reminiscence of Odom's experiences as Third Army surgical consultant and, as such, a member of Patton's staff. He was a witness to Patton's anguish over being reprimanded by Eisenhower. Only a little direct material on Eisenhower himself is in this book.

Patton, George S., Jr. War as I Knew It. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1947.

General Patton kept a diary from July 1942 to 5 December 1945, and its entries were candid, critical, and sometimes caustic. At the end of World War II, he wrote this book using his diary to provide correct details, sometimes quoting directly from it. While he toned down the level of his comments, he still gives candid opinions. He writes about Eisenhower numerous times, such as their attending a victory parade in Tunisia, Ike's visits to the troops, and when the two tried to start a fire in a hotel room to get warm and, instead, set fire to the hotel.

Pickett, William B. "Eisenhower as a Student of Clausewitz." Military Review 65 (July 1985):21-27.

Eisenhower's first acquaintance with the writings of Clausewitz came when he was assigned to, Panama in the 1920s. Guided by his commanding officer, Brigadier General Fox Conner, Eisenhower began a program of reading military history and theory. Conner and Eisenhower discussed Clausewitz at considerable length. A few years later, Eisenhower and his fellow students applied Clausewitz' theories in their studies at the Army War College. In a still later assignment with the General Staff, Eisenhower worked under General George C. Marshall, another student of Clausewitz. In such an atmosphere, Pickett says, Clausewitz and his theories could only have become engrained in the mind of a man as quick to learn as Eisenhower.

Pogue, Forrest C. The Supreme Command. United States Army in World War II. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, 1954.

Pogue's book is a history of the supreme command of the Allied forces during World War II and how it planned and conducted the Normandy invasion and then pursued the war in Europe until the surrender of Germany in 1945. Beginning with an account of how Eisenhower became supreme commander, Pogue describes the sections of the headquarters staff, their functions, and their personnel. He then tells of the plans and decisions Eisenhower and his staff made before and after the invasion, including the discussions, conferences, and so forth, that led to the decisions. As supreme commander and final decisionmaker, Eisenhower is a major personality in the book.

Rostow, W. W. Pre-Invasion Bombing Strategy: General Eisenhower's Decision of March 25, 1944. Ideas and Actions Series no. 1. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981.

Before the Normandy invasion, Zuckerman, a British bombing theorist, proposed that the Allies bomb German repair and other railroad facilities in northwest Europe in order to inhibit German response to the Allied invasion. Other bombing proposals included destroying German oil production and supplies and increasing attacks on German cities. As supreme Allied commander, General Eisenhower had to consider all aspects of the proposals. Rostow, who was involved in the decision making, describes the complex processes of Eisenhower's final strategic decision in choosing Zuckerman's proposal.

Sixsmith, Eric Keir Gilborne. Eisenhower as Military Commander. New York: Stein and Day, 1973; Chelsea, ML Scarborough House, 1983.

Sixsmith, a British major general, describes Eisenhower's military career beginning with his years at West Point. He emphasizes Eisenhower's activities during World War II by dividing them into two sections: the landings in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy, and following campaigns, and the planning and completion of the Normandy invasion and the defeat of Germany. Eisenhower's leadership and management genius shine in the narrative.

Snutb, Walter Bedell. Eisenhower's Six Great Decisions: Europe, 1944 - 1945. New York: Longmans, Green, 1956.

This book is a compilation of articles published in The Saturday Evening Post in 1946. In it, Smith, who served as Eisenhower's chief of staff during World War II, describes such decisions as the date of the Normandy invasion, the conduct of the Battle of the Bulge, the destruction of German forces west of the Rhine, the encirclement of the Ruhr, and the pursuit of German forces into Germany.

Snyder, Marty, and Glenn D. Kittler. My Friend Ike. New York: Fell, 1956.

Snyder, a mess sergeant for a military police company, first met Lieutenant Colonel Dwight D. Eisenhower in the summer of 1941 at Camp Beauregard, Louisiana. Eisenhower inspected Snyder's kitchens, and Snyder was so impressed with the future commander that he resolved to work for Ike one day. In 1944, Snyder became the SHAEF mess sergeant. An accomplished scrounger for special food items, Snyder describes delightful incidents such as getting hot dogs from the Navy to serve at a special picnic for Ike and guests such as Winston Churchill. After the war, Snyder remained in touch with Eisenhower and began working for Eisenhower's election as president as early as 1948.

Snyder, William P. "Walter Bedell Smith: Eisenhower's Chief of Staff." Military Affairs 48 (January 1984):6 - 14.

Before leaving for London in June 1942, Eisenhower asked General George C. Marshall to assign Brigadier General Walter Bedell Smith of the General Staff as his chief of staff. Snyder maintains that Smith, one of Marshall's highly valued protégés, remains one of the unsung heroes of World War II, for he was never a newsworthy personality. In this detailed article, Snyder analyzes Smith's personality, capabilities, and role as Eisenhower's chief of staff and describes how he had to take the concepts of a chief of staff position for smaller units and build one for an Allied command of a type that had never existed before. Smith worked with Ike to set up an Allied headquarters staff and keep it functioning at the highest efficiency throughout the war. Smith worked so well with Eisenhower that Ike made Smith his representative on special assignments, to include negotiating the surrender of Italy.

Weigley, Russell, Frank. Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany, 1944 - 1945. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1981.

Weigley's history of American, campaigns in the last year of World War II discusses cornmand decisions and describes and analyzes the campaigns, including problems such as resupply and reinforcements.

Wolk, Herman S. "Planning and Organizing the Air Force." Aerospace Historian 34 (Fall/September 1987):167 - 75.

Wolk's article is a survey of how the U.S. Air-Force came to be, the personalities involved in its creation, and the roles they played. General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold and others began laying the groundwork as early as 1943, but it was the support of Eisenhower as postwar Army chief of staff that "cemented the case for air independence." Eisenhower also supported President Truman's call for a single Department of Defense with separate secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, believing the result would be greater unity of command and economy through shared procurement, intelligence, communications, and so forth. His efforts contributed greatly to Congress passing the National Security Act of 1947, which created the Department of Defense and the Air Force. Wolk points out that, unfortunately, Eisenhower's idea of economic savings through shared support organizations never materialized.

Campaign Literature

During the candidacy of most modern presidential nominees, one or more "biographies" appear that are easily recognizable as "campaign literature." General characteristics of these works are an obvious bias in favor of the subject, lack of citations to responsible sources or even of bibliographies, occasional use of created conversation in the text, and just plain puffery. The following works were identified by reviewers and Library of Congress cataloging as part of the genre. They are included in this bibliography only to indicate the types of such materials that appeared about Eisenhower. Several were not available for examination, so they are only listed. Annotations are supplied for others.

Clugston, William George. Eisenhower for President? or, Who Will Get Us Out of the Messes We Are In? New York: Exposition Press, 1951.

Field, Rudolph. Ike, Man of the Hour. New York: Universal, 1952. 152 p.

-----. Mister American (Dwight David Eisenhower), an Evaluation. New York: Rudolph Field Co., 1952.

Field provides no citation or listing of sources for his 132 page book. He does not neglect some of Eisenhower's shortcomings, such as his temper, and rather proudly, describes the number of demerits Eisenhower earned at West Point, but he writes about each in a joking manner.

Hatch, Alden. General Ike: A Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Rev. and enlarged ed. New York: Holt, 1952.

The first edition of this book appeared in 1944, and it was reissued in time for, the election campaign. It contains much conversation, and reviewers noted that it was partially fictionalized. Their ratings ranged from "straight corn" to "impurely fictional." The book, however, was extremely popular.

Hicks, Wilson, ed. This Is Ike: The Picture Story of the Man. Text by Gardner Soule. New York: Holt, 1952.

While reviewers recognized the book as campaign literature, they praised it for the excellent quality of its 250, or so, photographs.

Russell, Donald Bert. Invincible Ike: The Inspiring Life Story of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Chicago, IL: Successful Living Publications, 1952.

Works About the Presidency

Adams, John Gibbons. Without Precedent: The Story of the Death of McCarthyism. New York: W. W. Norton Co., 1983.

Adams served as a counsel for the Army during the fray between Senator Joseph McCarthy and the Army, and Adams' career suffered from that involvement. Thus, his record of the events is highly biased, and he severely criticizes the Army and leading members of the Eisenhower administration.

Adams, Sherman. Firsthand Report: The Story of the Eisenhower Administration. New York: Harper, 1961; Westport, CY: Greenwood Press, 1974.

As governor of New Hampshire, Sherman Adams became an early and leading supporter of Eisenhower for president. He served as Ike's floor manager during the 1952 Republic Convention and followed his idol to Washington. Six years 9 later, following the revelation of his exchange of official and personal favors with Bernard Goldfine, a New England businessman, Adams resigned his position in the administration and left the capital in disgrace. Adams' book describes events of the Eisenhower presidency and ends with his own account of the Goldfine controversy.

Albertson, Dean, ed. Eisenhower as President. New York: Hill and Wang, 1963.

Albertson compiled an anthology of twelve sections from other works that presents a survey of the man and his administration. One item from Eric Goldman's Crucial Decade and After analyzes the administration and the McCarthy controversy. Another piece from Robert Donovan's Eisenhower. The Inside Story describes the president's heart attack. Other entries consider economic and other policies.

Alexander, Charles C. Holding the Line: The Eisenhower Era, 1952 - 1961. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1975.

This revisionist study is a favorable assessment of the Eisenhower presidency, especially of the foreign policy of the period. Alexander applauds Ike's strong stand against communism without involving the country in war. Topics emphasized include the Indochina question, the 1956 Suez crisis, and McCarthyism.

Aliano, Richard A. American Defense Policy From Eisenhower to Kennedy: The Politics of Changing Military Requirements, 1947 - 1961. Athens: Ohio University Press, 1975.

Aliano traces changes in defense policy from Eisenhower to Kennedy and thus covers the shift from the policies of massive retaliation and strategic sufficiency to flexible response and strategic superiority. Emphasis is on dissenters from Eisenhower policy. Aliano concludes that the shift gave Kennedy and Johnson power for massive intervention in Southeast Asia and led to the great Soviet missile buildup in the late 1960s.

Ambrose, Stephen E., with Richard H. Immerman. Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Intelligence Community. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981.

This book is a historical analysis of the development of U S. intelligence activities during periods of Eisenhower's leadership as supreme commander in Europe in World War II and during his presidency, with emphasis on the latter. Major intelligence events of the period included reestablishment of the Pahlavi shah in Iran, CIA activities, and the U-2 incident.

Anderson, J. W. Eisenhower, Brownell, and the Congress: The Tangled Origins of the Civil Rights Bill of 1956-1957. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1964.

The Supreme Court's 1954 decision against segregation in the Brown v. the Board of Education case led to a dilemma over how to enforce the decision and the violence and murder when attempts were made to do so. At the end of 1955, Eisenhower's attorney general, Herbert Brownell, ordered his staff at the Department of Justice to draft new civil rights legislation. The act failed in Congress in 1956 but passed in 1957 _ the first such legislation since 1875. John W. Anderson, an editorial writer for The Washington Post, divided this detailed study of the legislation into two parts: the first covers the drafting of the bill and its approval by the administration, including the resolution of disagreements between Eisenhower and Brownell over the contents of the act. The second part of the study follows the bill through Congress, describing the multiple forces inside and outside of Congress that tried to influence the final vote.

Beal, John Robinson. John Foster Dulles. Rev. ed. New York: Harper, 1959.

Originally published in 1957, this revised and expanded edition covers Dulles' life and career, including his years as secretary of state.

Benson, Ezra T. Cross Fire: The Eight Years With Eisenhower. Garden City, Doubleday, 1962; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976.

Benson, who served as secretary of agriculture during both terms of Eisenhower's presidency, provides a record of those years and his agricultural policies. Also included is information on other cabinet members and administration politics as well as his home life and travels.

Benson, Ezra Taft, with Carlisle Bergeron. Farmers at the Crossroads. New York: Devin-Adair, 1956; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1982.

In this book, Benson analyzes the problems faced by American farmers and outlines his plans for the future work of the Department of Agriculture. While published at the time of Eisenhower's second presidential campaign, this work is important for its declaration of federal agricultural policies in the 1950s.

Beschloss, Michael R. MAYDAY: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.

This book describes not only the events of the U-2 incident but also the aircraft's development and its use for intelligence gathering. Also covered are the geopolitical background and the personalities involved in the event.

Billings-Yun, Melanie. Decision Against War: Eisenhower and Dien Bien Phu, 1954. Edited by William E. Leuchtenburg. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.

-----. "Ike and Vietnam." History Today 38 (November 1988): 13 - 19.

Billings-Yun's article offers a brief discussion of the topic presented fully fleshed in her book: how President Eisenhower, confronted by French pleas for U.S. military intervention to aid them against Communist forces in Indochina, realized the dangers of such intervention and successfully kept the United States from being involved while keeping himself free of serious blame for failure to respond.

Bonsal, Philip Wilson. Cuba, Castro, and the United States. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971.

Bonsal, the last U.S. ambassador to Cuba, served during the first two years of the Castro regime. In this book, he describes his experiences in trying to conclude agreements between the two countries and how and why those efforts failed. He also explores the policies involved and, at times, is devastatingly critical of all parties concerned.

Brands, H. W., Jr. Cold Warriors: Eisenhower's Generation and American Foreign Policy. Contemporary American History series. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.

Brands, an assistant professor of history at Texas A & M University, presents a collective biography of Eisenhower and those members of his administration that functioned as a foreign policy-making and policy-conducting team. Biographees, are Dwight and Milton Eisenhower, John Foster Dulles, Allen Dulles, Walter Bedell Smith, Robert Murphy, Harold Stassen, Henry Cabot Lodge, and C. D. Jackson (a psychological warfare expert).

-----. "Testing Massive Retaliation: Credibility and Crisis Management in the Taiwan Strait." International Security 12 (Spring 1988):124-51.

From 1949 to 1954, Chiang Kai-shek's National Chinese forces on Taiwan garrisoned and used islands off mainland China as bases for raids on the mainland. Two of the islands, Quemoy and Matsu, became well known to Americans when, in September 1954, the Chinese Communists began bombing them. Over the next nine months, the United States became involved in the crisis to the point of possible nuclear war. In this article, Brands describes the diplomatic maneuvering and decision making of the Eisenhower administration and analyzes why the decisions were made and who made them.

Branyan, Robert L., and Lawrence H. Larsen, comps. The Eisenhower Administration, 1953 - 1961. A Documentary History. 2 vols. New York: Random House, 1971; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977.

These volumes contain more than 400 carefully selected documents from the Eisenhower Library arranged in a chronological-subject order. The documents provide a distinct view of the Eisenhower presidency and cover almost all major topics, including Senator McCarthy's activities and demise, the end of the Korean War, the Hungarian Revolution, confrontations in the Middle East and South Asia, the U-2 incident, and Soviet entry into space. Many documents had not been published before.

Brownell, Herbert, Jr. Addresses. 6 vols. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice, 1953 - 57?

Brownell served as Eisenhower's attorney general from 1953 to 1957. The volumes of his addresses could not be obtained for examination.

Burk, Robert Fredrick. The Eisenhower Administration and Black Civil Rights. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984, c1964.

Burk's study is a detailed examination of the civil rights movement in the 1950s. He concludes that the Eisenhower administration moved with deliberate slowness, making symbolic statements rather than taking definitive action.

Caute, David. The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978.

This study does not specifically address Eisenhower or his administration. Rather, Caute focuses on the anti-Communist political climate of the late 1940s and 1950s as it related to Eisenhower's administration. That climate included congressional investigating committees, FBI informers, antisubversive laws passed by state legislatures, deportation of enemy aliens, and attempts to identify Communists in the unions and educational systems.

Chang, Gordon H. "To the Nuclear Brink: Eisenhower, Dulles, and the Quemoy-Matsu Crisis." International Security 12 (Spring 1988):96 - 123.

Chang writes that revisionist historians are correct when they state that Eisenhower was continually involved in the decision making and actions of his administration. But, Chang points out, in the case of the crisis over Communist Chinese claims to and the bombardment of the islands of Quemoy and Matsu, Eisenhower's leadership was neither skillful nor steady and brought the United States to the brink of nuclear war. Furthermore, he writes, Eisenhower not only considered but advocated using nuclear weapons against China. Basing his claims on recently declassified documents, Chang carefully describes the events of the crisis, concluding that war was avoided only because Chiang Kai-shek rejected a U.S. proposal and the Chinese Communists backed away from the confrontation. He makes a number of other accusations against Eisenhower.

Cook, Blanche Wiesen. The Declassified Eisenhower: A Divided Legacy of Peace and Political Warfare. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981; New York: Penguin Books, 1984.

After devoting four chapters to a description of Eisenhower's political growth before becoming president, Cook reassesses Eisenhower's foreign policy, using many newly declassified sources. She identifies his desire to avoid war while conducting the Cold War and authorizing covert activities. Two chapters on U.S. activities in Guatemala are aimed at supporting Cook's contention that the activities formed a pattern for future intervention.

Cook, Fred J. The Nightmare Decade: The Life and Times of Senator Joe McCarthy. New York: Random House, 1971.

In this book, Cook vividly re-creates the events of the McCarthy era, tracing McCarthy's rise to national prominence as a creator of anti-Communist hysteria and his fall from power during the Eisenhower presidency.

Cooper, Chester L. The Lion's Last Roar: Suez, 1956. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.

In the 1950s, Chester Cooper worked for the Central Intelligence Agency and was, for some time, an assistant to Allen Dulles, the CIA director. In the summer of 1955, Cooper received an assignment to the U.S. Embassy in London as a liaison officer between the analytical intelligence services of the United States and Great Britain. Thus, as the Suez crisis developed, he had personal knowledge of information and events. Also, during the London conferences on the canal crisis and the subsequent British-French-Israeli intervention, he interacted with Secretary of State Dulles and other diplomats. Using his personal knowledge and other information gleaned from foreign and American archives, published and other memoirs, and even an interview with former Prime Minister Anthony Eden, Cooper presents a history of the crisis.

Cutler, Robert. No Time for Rest. Boston, MA: Little, Brown, 1966.

Cutler (1895 - 1974), a 1916 Harvard graduate, worked as a lawyer and bank official in Boston and also served as an infantry officer in World War I and as a colonel and brigadier general on the General Staff in World War II. From 1953 to 1955 and again in 1957 to 1958, Cutler served as President Eisenhower's special assistant for national security affairs and was a member of the National Security Council Planning Board. His autobiography contains fascinating accounts of his work with Marshall and Eisenhower and especially his contributions to the National Security Council.

Desmond, James. Nelson Rockefeller: A Political Biography. New York: Macmillan, 1964.

Part of this book (pages 13-53) describes Rockefeller's role in the Eisenhower administration. In 1953, he became a member of what Desmond calls a "tight little group" of planners who advised Eisenhower. Other members included Milton S. Eisenhower and Arthur S. Fleming. By executive order, the group became the President's Advisory Committee on Government Organization and worked to streamline the executive section of the government. Rockefeller worked with Oveta Culp Hobby to set up the new Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and with Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson to reorganize the Department of Defense. Rockefeller was also involved with planning the "open skies" proposal made to the Soviets, which would have allowed the United States and Soviet Union open aerial reconnaissance of each other's military bases if the Soviets had agreed.

Divine, Robert A. Eisenhower and the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.

This revisionist survey of the Eisenhower presidency's foreign policy identifies the president, not John Foster Dulles, as its architect and commends Eisenhower for it. Divine offers no deep analysis, just a light, easy-to-read appraisal.

-----. Foreign Policy and U.S. Presidential Elections, 1952 - 1960. New York: New Viewpoints, 1974.

In this work, Divine focuses only on foreign policy statements of the election campaigns of Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy and compares the statements with an account of the actual policies followed by the administrations.

Donovan, Robert J. Confldentiat Secretary: Ann Whitman's Twenty Years With Eisenhower and Rockefeller. New York: Dutton, 1988.

Ann Whitman worked as Eisenhower's confidential secretary during his two terms as president and later (1965 - 77) served Nelson Rockefeller in the same capacity. A career woman, she was well qualified to serve as "First Secretary." Donovan's record of Whitman's experiences is based on her reminiscences and more than 15,000 pages of diary entries. This book provides a rich historical record of the Eisenhower presidency from what Whitman herself called the "secretary's worm's eye view."

-----. Eisenhower: The Inside Story. New York: Harper, 1956.

Robert Donovan, the Washington correspondent for The New York Herald Tribune, used cabinet meeting minutes, interviews with administration personnel, and many other documents in describing and analyzing the first three years of Eisenhower's presidency. He ends the book with Eisenhower's announcement of his candidacy for a second term. While Donovan was pro-Eisenhower, he presents such a balanced account that reviewers said his work was not just campaign literature.

Dougherty, Russell E. "What Ike Really. Said." Air Force Magazine 66 (October 1983):29-31.

In his farewell speech to the American people in January 1961, Eisenhower used the term "the military-industrial complex." In use, the term came to represent something evil_far different than Eisenhower's original intent. Dougherty, publisher of Air Force Magazine, points this out and reprints the complete farewell speech to correct the misinterpretation. The farewell is as timely in 1990 as when it was given nearly thirty years ago.

Drummond, Roscoe, and Gastro Coblenz. Duel at the Brink: John Foster Dulles' Command of American Power. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1960.

This book examines Dulles' years as secretary of state (1953-59) when he was responsible for the conduct of American foreign relations and the creation of foreign policy. Veteran correspondents Drummond and Coblenz interviewed more than fifty present and past foreign heads of state and other officials to obtain candid views of their dealings with Dulles. The result is an objective and often shrewd survey that does not neglect Dulles' shortcomings.

Dulles, Eleanor Lansing. John Foster Dulles: The Last Year. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World,1963.

Written by his sister, this account of Dulles' last year in office portrays the terminally ill secretary of state dealing with three major crises: the Lebanon intervention, a revival of the furor between Communist and Nationalist Chinese forces over the islands of Quemoy and Matsu, and Khrushchev's ultimatum on Berlin.

Dulles, John Foster, and Christian Archibald Herter. Minutes of Telephone Conversations of John Foster Dulles and of Christian Herter, 1953-1961. Edited by Paul Kesaris and Joan Gibson. Washington, DC: University Publications of America, 1980. Microfilm publication. 11 reels, 35-mm microfilm. With print guide titled: A Guide to Minutes and, Documents of the Cabinet Meetings of President Eisenhower, 1953-1961: Minutes of Telephone Conversations of John Foster Dulles and of Christian Herter, 1953-1961.

-----. The Papers of John Foster Dulles and of Christian A. Herter, 195,3-1961. Edited and compiled by Robert E. Lester. Chronological Correspondence Series. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1986. Microfilm publication. 24 reels, 35-mm microfilm. With printed guide.

These two microfilm collections offer researchers extensive records of State Department activities during Eisenhower's presidency.

Duram, James. A Moderate Among Extremists: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the School Desegregation Crisis. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall, 1981.

Duram, professor of history at Wichita State University, divides his book into four parts. First, he describes the evolution of desegregation cases from before the Civil War to the Supreme Court decisions of 1954 - 55. Then, Duram considers Eisenhower's general philosophy of government and his specific attitudes toward the crises in Little Rock, Arkansas, and on the 1957 civil rights legislation. The third section studies the effects of integration on federal aid to education, and in the last part, Duram offers a number of conclusions about Eisenhower and civil rights events during his administration. Durarn concludes that, because of Eisenhower's beliefs, he contributed little to the advance of civil rights. Reviews of this book were not particularly good, mostly because of the writing style.

The Eisenhower Administration Project: Oral History, 1962 - 1972. New York: Columbia University, 1962 - 72.

Begining in 1962, Columbia University sponsored a project to gather the recollections of all persons who played major roles in the Eisenhower administration, as well as those of observers and others. Participants included Eisenhower, members of his family, members of the White House staff, cabinet members, journalists, members of Congress, presidential advisers from all fields, and so on. In addition, the collection includes twelve memoirs donated to the project by Herbert S. Parmet, who obtained them while researching for his book, Eisenhower and the American Crusades, and sixty-eight from, the Eisenhower Library under an exchange agreement. Among the numerous participants are Elie Abel, Sherman Adams, Ezra Taft Benson, Omar N. Bradley, Mark W. Clark, Thomas E. Dewey, James M. Gavin, and Andrew J. Goodpaster. The transcripts of the memoirs total 35,695 leaves, with many of the memoirs having restricted access. The Library of Congress has cataloged many of the memoirs under the individuals' names, and entries are listed in the OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) system. A large portion of the project has been microfilmed and may be purchased from the Meckler Corporation of Westport, Connecticut.

Ewald, William Bragg. Eisenhower the President: Crucial Days, 1951-1960. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1981.

Ewald served on Eisenhower's staff as a speech writer and in the 1960s helped Ike prepare his two-volume work, The White House Years. This revealing study dismisses the image of Eisenhower as a golf-loving, relaxed president and depicts him as a formidable, intelligent leader who was a master organizer and who effectively used the organization he created in a critical period between the Korean and Vietnam Wars.

-----. Who Killed Joe McCarthy? New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.

This book describes Senator McCarthy's investigation of suspected Communist espionage at the Army installation at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, and how McCarthy was exposed in a deliberate lie. Ewald contends that President Eisenhower was deeply involved behind the scenes in the move to defeat McCarthy but left the public side of that defeat to McCarthy's Senate colleagues.

Fall, Bernard B. Hell in a Very Small Place: The Siege of Dien Bien Phu. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, 1967.

Bernard Fall, a journalist and recognized author on Vietnam, was killed in Vietnam about the time this book first appeared. Using various sources, including secret French files and interviews of survivors from both sides of the siege, Fall constructs a dramatic and matter-of-fact record of the 56-day siege. Of importance to this bibliography is his account of Dulles' and Eisenhower's reactions to the siege and the final refusal to help the French.

Finer, Herman. Dulles Over Suez: The Theory and Practice of His Diplomacy. Chicago, IL: Quadrangle Books, 1964.

Along with his regular research for this book, Finer interviewed and corresponded with dozens of I American and foreign participants involved in the diplomatic efforts to resolve the Suez crisis. He offers a study of the diplomatic strategy and tactics and confrontation of nations that occurred during the crisis and focuses on "the decisive effect of Secretary [of State] Dulles' character and personality on the mighty world forces then in conflict." He concludes that, if Eisenhower and someone. other than Dulles had been involved, the result might have been different and better for U.S. national interests.

Frier, David A. Conflict or Interest in the Eisenhower Administration. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1969.

In this book, David Frier, professor of political science at Western Illinois University, identifies and discusses a dozen or so alleged conflicts of interest during the Eisenhower presidency, including a number of minor cases and such notable incidents as the Sherman Adams-Bernard Goldfine controversy and the Nixon Fund.

Geelhoed, E. Bruce. Charles E. Wilson and Controversy at the Pentagon, 1953 to 1957. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1979.

When Eisenhower was elected president, Charles E. Wilson left a successful career as an executive with the General Motors Company to become secretary of defense (1953-57). Wilson was an active, often successful, and much embattled secretary. In this work, Geelhoed praises him for his successful management of Pentagon operations and his efforts to change the defense policy to one based on nuclear deterrence. That change led to problems with Congress after the Democrats took over in 1954, Wilson also was a leading administration foe of Senator McCarthy. The blunt-spoken Wilson often was not tactful in his dealings with others and earned considerable attention from editorial cartoonists of the period, but Geelhoed concludes that Wilson did his job well.

Gerson, Louis L. John Foster Dulles. American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy, vol. 17. New York: Cooper Square Publishers, 1967.

Gerson, head of the Department of Political Science at the University of Connecticut, provides a vivid account of Dulles' career - especially of the foreign policy changes during the Eisenhower administration. He was the first biographer to use the Dulles papers at Princeton University, and he also interviewed Eisenhower and other contemporaries of Dulles.

Goldman, Eric Frederick. The Crucial Decade: America, 1945 - 1955. New York: Knopf, 1956.

This survey covers American political and historical events and life from the time of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's death in 1945 to when Eisenhower was president in 1955. Material on Eisenhower begins on page 223 with the 1952 election campaign getting under way. Goldman's account of the Eisenhower administration mainly concerns its dealings with Senator McCarthy. He is very critical, for he feels Eisenhower dragged his feet until pushed too far. The book has no notes or bibliography.

Goold-Adams, Richard. John Foster Dulles: A Reappraisal. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1962.

A British journalist, Goold-Adams evaluates Secretary of State Dulles' activities in Eisenhower's first term, concentrating on his role as a Cold War crusader against communism, his conduct of relations with Great Britain, and his conduct of a neutral policy toward underdeveloped nations. He concludes that Dulles achieved more success in the first two areas than in the last.

Gordon, Leonard H. D. "United States Opposition to Use of Force in the Taiwan Strait, 1954 - 1962." Journal of American History 72 (December 1985):637 -60.

From 1961 to 1963, Gordon worked in the State Department's Historical Office, where he wrote a draft report on the same subject as this article. A declassified version of that draft was the basis of this article, which is a history of the continuing crisis over Quemoy and Matsu that flared up in 1954 and 1958 and how Eisenhower and Dulles astutely assessed events and deftly worked to keep from getting involved in a war. Gordon concludes that keeping the balance was a major achievement of Eisenhower's administration.

Greenstein, Fred I. The Hidden Hand Presidency: Eisenhower as Leader. New York: Basic Books, 1982.

In this book, Professor Greenstein rebuffs earlier assessments of Eisenhower as a do-nothing, complacent president who let the government run itself. Emphasizing Eisenhower's leadership style, Greenstein portrays a shrewd political leader who succeeded because he dissembled and presented a public image of a relaxed, pleasant man, while in reality, he closely controlled events behind the scenes. One example of success that Greenstein cites was Ike's carefully allowing Senator McCarthy just enough rope to hang himself. Greenstein based his book on correspondence, records of telephone conversations, oral history transcripts, and many other such sources in the Eisenhower Library.

Griffith, Robert. "Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Corporate Commonwealth." American Historical Review 87 (February 1982):87 - 122.

This long and complex article seeks first to identify and explore President Eisenhower's concepts of the structure of society and especially the relationship of government and the economy. Having examined these ideas at length, Griffith then considers Eisenhower's style of governing and how his philosophy and governing interacted with major issues of the presidency - McCarthyism, military affairs, civil rights, foreign trade, and foreign policy. In addition, Griffith identifies Ike's successes and the problems he did not solve.

-----. The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky for the Organization of American Historians, 1970.

More rational in its view of McCarthy and his activities than Fred J. Cook's The Nightmare Decade, this study won the Turner Award as an outstanding manuscript in American history. Griffith describes McCarthyism as a political phenomenon created by men hungry for power. Besides examining McCarthy, Griffith also analyzes senatorial politics and faults that legislative body for not getting McCarthy under control.

Guhin, Michael A. John Foster Dulles: A Statesman and His Times. New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.

Guhin's book traces the development of Dulles' foreign policy thinking from his early experiences at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. In examining Dulles' activities as Eisenhower's secretary of state from 1953 to 1959, Guhin describes the atmosphere of the 1950s and the constraints domestic politics and his office put on Dulles as be formulated and carried out foreign policy.

Gurtov, Melvin. The First Vietnam Crisis: Chinese Communist Strategy and United States Involvement, 1953 - 54. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967.

Originally Gurtov's Ph.D. dissertation, this book recounts and analyzes the reactions, interpretations, and policy-making of the Eisenhower administration and Chinese government to the Indochina crisis of 1953 - 54, emphasizing those of the United States.

Hagerty, James Campbell. The Diary of James C. Hagerty: Eisenhower in Mid-Course, 1954 - 1955. Edited by Robert H. Farrell. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1983.

James Hagerty, Eisenhower's close friend and press secretary, kept a diary of his activities. Farrell edited the original diary, eliminating routine content and trivia, and provided excellent explanatory annotations that make the work a valuable record of events that included Senator McCarthy's downfall and Eisenhower's heart attack.

Hewlett, Richard G., and Jack M. Holl. Atoms for Peace and War, 1953-1961: Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission. History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission, vol. 3. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

Continuing a series begun in 1962, this volume covers the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) during the Eisenhower presidency and provides a detailed view of commission policy-making and activities. Hewlett and Holl consider three main subjects. First is the contradictory roles of the AEC's promoting Eisenhower's call for peaceful use of nuclear power and then having to control the nuclear energy that could be used in atomic weapons. Second is the discussion of the AEC's direction of nuclear testing and the failure to truthfully report the known dangers of fallout. Third and central to the other two topics is the authors' consideration of Eisenhower's major role in the formulation of U.S. nuclear policy.

Higgins, Trumbull. The Perfect Failure: Kennedy, Eisenhower, and the CIA at the Bay of Pigs. New York: Norton, 1987.

Higgins' work is really a study of Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs debacle in 1961. He claims that the Eisenhower administration and the CIA concocted the badly flawed project and left it to Kennedy to reluctantly carry out, believing that the Joint Chiefs of Staff had approved it fully.

Holbo, Paul Sothe, and Robert Walker Sellen, eds. The Eisenhower Era: The Age of Consensus. Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press, 1974.

Essays in this book attempt to interpret the entire milieu of the United States in the 1950s - a much different picture from the caricature of the "Silent Generation" and a constantly smiling, golf-playing president. The true picture is of a period of dynamic changes and of a reexamination of America, its people, and its mores by the people themselves. Crises in foreign policy, such as Suez and the conflict in Indochina; internal struggles over civil rights; the McCarthy investigations; and many other incidents were in the public eye. The last quarter of the book discusses Eisenhower himself and his administration and includes selections by Eisenhower, John Foster Dulles, Theodore Draper, and Roscoe Drummond, among others.

Howard, Katherine Graham. With My Shoes Off. New York: Vantage Press, 1977.

Howard's autobiography describes how she married a Massachusetts lawyer and moved north against her Southern family's wishes. When her husband became involved in Republican politics, she did too and eventually became a national committeewoman. She was secretary of the 1952 Republican Convention and became a celebrity when she was caught calling the roll for the presidential nomination with her shoes off. She helped Eisenhower during his campaign and then served in his administration as deputy administrator of the Federal Civil Defense Administration. She also served as the U.S. delegate to a NATO civil defense meeting in Paris.

Hughes, Emmet John. The Ordeal of Power: A Political Memoir of the Eisenhower Years. New York: Atheneum, 1963.

Emmet Hughes was Eisenhower's speech writer for two years, beginning with the 1952 election campaign. He resigned in early 1954 after finding his views had become widely I separate from those of the president. In this book, Hughes shows the good points of the president's character but also identifies what he believes were Eisenhower's many unfulfilled opportunities to do great things.

Humphrey, George M. The Basic Papers of George M. Humphrey as Secretary of the Treasury, 1953-1957. Edited by Nathaniel R. Howard. Cleveland, OH: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1965.

Humphrey deposited his papers in the Western Reserve Historical Society in 1962, and Cleveland newspaper editor Nathaniel Howard organized them for publication. The compilation contains a biographical sketch on Humphrey and then presents a collection of articles, records of press conferences, and statements made by Humphrey organized under subjects such as fiscal management, taxation, international policy, public policy, and government and business. Howard's brief editorial statements help place Humphrey's statements in historical perspective.

Immerman, Richard H. The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982.

On 16 June 1954, a ragtag group of exiled Guatemalans and mercenaries, led by Guatemalan Colonel Carlos Enrique Castillo Armas, crossed the Guatemalan border and proclaimed a revolution against the government of President Arbenz. Radio stations broadcasting news, of the revolution and airplane drops of noisemakers and other materials panicked the people and the government, and by 27 June, President Arbenz had stepped down. The Eisenhower administration hailed the revolution as a return to democracy, and House hearings featured witnesses who told of Communist atrocities and plots. Actually, according to Immerman, the revolution was a covert operation planned and supported at least in part by the Central Intelligence Agency. He also describes Guatemalan events from a revolution in 1944 to and through the covert and overt steps the Eisenhower administration took to overthrow Arbenz.

Immerman, Richard H., and George C. Herring. "Eisenhower, Dulles, and Dienbienphu: 'The Day We Didn't Go to War' Revisited." Journal of American History 71 (September 1984):343 - 63.

Recently declassified documents indicate that many of the statements made in memoirs and other records of the role the United States played during the 1954 crisis in French Indochina, were unclear, misleading, or misinterpretations of what really happened. Immerman and Herring, using these documents to describe and clarify events during the crisis, reveal that the Eisenhower administration considered aiding the French and cautiously planned Operation United Action wherein a multinational coalition of forces (U.S., British, French, Australian, New Zealand, etc.) would intervene. French misunderstandings of U.S. commitments, British refusal to participate, growing American public and congressional opposition, and other problems all combined to derail the operation, and Eisenhower decided against intervention.

Kaufman, Burton Ira. Trade and Aid: Eisenhower's Foreign Economic Policy, 1953-1961. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981.

In this book, Kaufman examines the effects of politics and economics on Eisenhower's foreign trade policy toward the Third World. He shows a change in emphasis from trade to a combination of trade with aid to the deprived nations. As in other revisionist works, Eisenhower emerges as a talented and confident leader. Kaufman's focus is more on Washington decision making than on the impact of the policies overseas.

Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich. Khrushchev in America. New York: Crosscurrents Press, 1960.

An important event in Eisenhower's presidency was Khrushchev's visit to the United States in September 1959. In this volume are the full texts of speeches that Khrushchev made while on this tour.

Killian, James Rhyne. Sputnik, Scientists, and Eisenhower: A Memoir of the First Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1977.

When President Eisenhower created the position of science adviser to the president, he offered it to James Killian who was then the president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Killian uses his own memories and documents from the Eisenhower Library to describe activities in a period that included U.S. entry into space, the creation of NASA, and the continuing development of the intercontinental ballistic missile. Also discussed are the reopened talks with the Soviets on nuclear test limitations and arms control.

Kinnard, Douglas. "Civil-Military Relations: The President and the General." Parameters 15 (Summer 1985):19 - 29.

Kinnard's article focuses on President Eisenhower's 1955 to 1959 interactions with Army Chief of Staff General Maxwell Taylor in formulating and adjusting strategic and budget decisions to complement each other. Kinnard concludes that Eisenhower's policies greatly influenced, civil-military relations in the 1960s.

-----. President Eisenhower and Strategy Management: A Study in Defense Politics. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1977.

In this book, Kinnard traces the development of U.S. defense policy during the Eisenhower administration. He emphasizes the president's capabilities as an expert in defense and foreign policy who organized the National Security Council staff and dealt successfully with crises such as the Korean War, the Lebanon intervention, and the Soviet entry into space.

Kistiakowsky, George B. A Scientist at the White House: The Private Diary of President Eisenhower's Special Assistant for Science and Technology. With an introduction by Charles S. Maier. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976.

For the year and a half that Kistiakowsky was Eisenhower's special assistant for science and technology, he kept a diary. What remains after the personal information and trivia were removed is a concise view of administration decision making on scientific subjects - especially technical weapons systems in that transition time for atomic weapons systems. Kistiakowsky describes meetings and participants clearly and frankly.

Krieg, Joann P., ed. Dwight D. Eisenhower: Soldier, President, and Statesman. Prepared under the auspices of Hofstra University. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987.

In 1984, Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York, hosted a conference on Dwight D. Eisenhower. This book containg the papers given at that conference, most of which were favorable toward Eisenhower.

Krone, Robert M., ed. "Eisenhower at the Naval War College." U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 97 (June 1971):18-24.

In October 1961, Eisenhower spoke to the faculty and students of the Naval War College. Krone, an Air Force officer and student, recorded the remarks of the former president and, in this article, has emphasized the answers given to questions from the audience. Topics include the space race, Ike's definition of the military-industrial complex, dissent in the military, strategy toward communism, leadership and responsibility, and coordination among allies.

Larson, Arthur. Eisenhower: The President Nobody Knew. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968.

In this work, Arthur Larson, a close friend of and former speech writer for President Eisenhower and also director of the U.S. Information Agency, evaluates Eisenhower's effectiveness as president. Larson concludes that Ike's handling of foreign affairs was excellent but that he was not quite as capable in dealing with domestic matters. Larson emphasizes Ike's basic and rigid rules of life that helped make him such an outstanding president.

Lee, R. Alton. Eisenhower and Landrum-Griffin: A Study in Labor - Management Politics. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1989.

Under President Roosevelt's New Deal administration of the 1930s, the Wagner Act gave legitimacy and impetus to the formation and activities of labor unions. In the Truman era, public outcry over the multiple and crippling strikes that followed World War II caused the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act, which identified unfair labor practices. Then, congressional investigations, such as those of the McClellan Committee, exposed criminal activities in labor unions. The pro-business Eisenhower administration and a coalition of conservative Republicans and Southern Democrats in Congress perceived a need for federal regulation of the internal affairs of labor unions and cooperated to achieve passage of the Landrum-Griffin Bill. Lee's book is a study of the successful role Eisenhower and members of his staff played in passage of the bill.

Lodge, Henry Cabot. As It Was: An Inside View of Politics and Power in the '50s and '60s. New York: Norton, 1976.

Henry Cabot Lodge, a career diplomat who served his country for many decades, was the U.S. representative to the United Nations during the Eisenhower administration. This book, which covers the period from 1952 to 1966, contains correspondence, recollections of conversations held, and reminiscences arranged chronologically. Of interest to users of this bibliography are Lodge's accounts of his role in the transfer of power from Truman to Eisenhower, the Suez and Hungarian crises, his work as a UN ambassador, and his role in the 1956 election. Memoranda and other items in the book reveal an Eisenhower who could be eloquent when he chose to be.

Love, Kenneth. Suez, the Twice-Fought War: A History. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.

Kenneth Love served as a New York Times correspondent in the Middle East from 1953 to 1956 and then in London until 1959, He combined what he learned and witnessed as a journalist with extensive research in archives of all the countries involved in the Suez crisis (except the Soviet Union) and produced an entertaining analytical record of the events before, during, and after the 1956 Suez intervention. Love presents the role of the United States in the affair and is more balanced than other writers in his consideration of John Foster Dulles' role. He praises Eisenhower and identifies him as mainly responsible for ending the intervention.

Lubell, Samuel. Revolt of the Moderates. New York: Harper, 1956.

This minutely researched analysis of Eisenhower's first term presents the presidency as one that met the needs and desires of the people.

Magraw, Katherine. "Teller and the 'Clean Bomb' Episode." Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 44 (May 1988):32, 3437.

Edward Teller, a prominent nuclear weapons desiger, was one of several leaders in his field who convinced President Reagan that his administration should support development of the controversial Star Wars laser weapons system. At a September 1987 meeting, Teller was asked if his support for a "clean nuclear bomb" thirty years before had any parallels with the Star Wars project. Teller indignantly denied any such possibility. Katherine Magraw believes there are comparisons as well as differences, and in this article, she describes the June 1957 events when Teller and others sought to convince Eisenhower not to talk to the Soviets about a moratorium on nuclear tests but to continue tests while the United States developed a so-called "clean" bomb with little fallout. Eisenhower did not approve the idea, but it stayed around for the next six years under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson. Teller and his associates never did develop the "clean" bomb.

McMahon, Robert J. "United States Cold War Strategy in South Asia: Making a Military Commitment to Pakistan, 1947 - 1954." Journal of American History 75 (December 1988):812-40.

As the Cold War worsened in the late 1940s and 1950s, the United States created a global foreign policy based on a series of military and political alliances aimed at containing Soviet influence. Under President Truman, the policy focused first on Europe, then on Korea, and finally on a deteriorating situation in the Middle East. The Eisenhower administration continued that policy. McMahon's article describes how Pakistan, like some other peripheral, nonaligned nations, used East-West tensions to obtain military and other aid by concluding mutual defense agreements with the United States. McMahon believes the alliance was a matter of Pakistan getting what it wanted at U.S. expense. How Pakistan maneuvered the United States into granting aid is an interesting tale.

Melanson, Richard A., and David Mayers, eds. Reevaluating Eisenhower: American Foreign Policy in the 1950s. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987.

Reconsideration of Eisenhower's capabilities as president has been under way since the late 1960s when declassification of numerous sources began. Based on research in such sources, essays in this book discuss such topics as U.S. relations with Latin America, efforts for arms control, U.S. relations with China and the Soviet Union, and the decision against intervention in Indochina in 1954.

Meyer, Gail E. Egypt and the United States: The Formative Years. Rutherford, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1980.

Meyer provides a detailed, well-written, and well-reviewed examination of relations between Egypt and the United States from 1952 to 1958. She traces the rise of Nasser and his ensuing relations with the Eisenhower administration, describing Nasser's requests for various types of aid and U.S. efforts to get Nasser to be more moderate toward Israel. Disagreement, American denial of aid to the Aswan Dam project, and other events led Nasser to seek Soviet assistance, and that culminated in the Suez crisis of 1956. Meyer cites the Eisenbower administration for failing to reach an understanding with rising Arab nationalism.

Miller, William J. Henry Cabot Lodge: A Biography. New York: Heineman, 1967.

Lodge was Eisenhower's representative to the United Nations from 1953 to 1960. Miller knew Lodge for nine years before writing this "authorized" but carefully researched biography.

Morrow, Everett Frederic. Black Man in the White House: A Diary of the Eisenhower Years by the Administrative Officer for Special Projects, the White House, 1955 - 1961. New York: Coward-McCann, 1963.

When President Eisenhower appointed Morrow as his administrative assistant on race and other minority problems, Morrow became the first Afro-American to fill an executive position on a presidential staff. His diary describes his daily activities, his interpretations of the administration and Republican attitudes toward civil rights, and his own increasing militancy., Morrow found a distinct coolness toward civil rights in influential areas of Eisenhower's administration.

Murphy, Robert Daniel. Diplomat Among Warriors. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1964.

After his World War II assignment as President Roosevelt's special representative on Eisenhower's staff, career diplomat Robert Murphy moved on to other assignments. In 1953, Secretary of State Dulles recalled Murphy from his post as the first U.S. postwar ambassador to Japan. After temporary duty as head of the Office for UN Affairs in the State Department, Murphy became under secretary for political affairs, the third highest position in the State Department. He served in that position until his retirement near the end of the Eisenhower years. A significant part of his memoirs covers the years with the Eisenhower administration, including the coup in Guatemala, the 1956 Suez crisis, the 1958 intervention in Lebanon, and various relations with the Soviets.

Neff, Donald. Warriors at Suez: Eisenhower Takes America Into the Middle East. New York: The Linden Press/Simon & Schuster, 1981.

Neff's book is a minutely detailed examination of the 1956 Suez crisis and invasion of Egypt by French, British, and Israeli forces and American efforts to end the crisis. Also covered are all the aspects of the diplomatic, economic, and military events that led ' to the intervention. Eisenhower, Dulles, and other administration officials are major players in the drama as it unfolds in Neff's narrative. His is a revisionist interpretation of Eisenhower as a capable, shrewd, and highly intelligent leader who controlled and directed U.S. diplomatic activities as the crisis rose and abated-despite a heart attack and later surgery for ileitis. Neff concludes that Eisenhower's stand against the intervention enabled the United States to emerge from the fray as a champion of national rights. It also meant that the United States would thereafter be involved in Middle Eastern affairs.

Nelson, Anna Kasten. "The 'Top of Policy Hill': President Eisenhower and the National, Security Council." Diplomatic History .7 (Fall 1983):307-26.

As a presidential candidate, Eisenhower pledged to reorganize the National Security Council (NSC). Using newly released records from the Eisenhower Library, Anna Nelson describes what was done and the NSC's role in the importance Eisenhower placed on planning in his administration. Eisenhower persuaded Robert Cutler, a banker and campaign supporter, to reorganize the NSC as needed. Eisenhower had the council engaged in continuous contingency planning and discussions about issues, creating an atmosphere in which members offered opinions freely. In addition, he used formal NSC meetings, informal meetings with various members, and oval office gatherings as background for his decision making. Nelson uses NSC records - especially about the 1954 French crisis in Indochina - to illustrate Eisenhower's decision-making process and his adept presidential management of foreign policy.

Neustadt, Richard E. Alliance Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970.

The author describes British and U.S. relations during two crises - one being the 1956 Suez crisis during the Eisenhower administration. Neustadt carefully analyzes that crisis showing all the problems involved and how they were or were not resolved.

Nixon, Richard M. Six Crises. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962.

Writing as former vice president and defeated presidential candidate, Nixon describes six critical events during his previous fourteen years in politics. Important crises for Nixon during the Eisenhower administration were Ike's heart attack; facing a mob in Caracas, Venezuela; and the kitchen debate with Khrushchev.

-----. The Challenges We Face. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.

Nixon's book is a compilation of material from his speeches, papers, press conferences, and other talks made as vice president after 1957. Reporters' questions at press conferences and elsewhere were often provocative, and Nixon did not avoid answering them. Also included are many comments about personalities and events of the period.

Pach, Chester J., Jr., and Elmo Richardson. The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Rev. ed. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, January 1991.

This is a revision and expansion of Richardson's 1979 work by the same title (also in this bibliography). Declassified records and other works on Eisenhower enabled Pach to broaden Richardson's discussion of national security policy, deepen the analysis of Eisenhower's leadership qualities, and examine the effects of Eisenhower's decisions in many important areas.

Parmet, Herbert S. Eisenhower and the American Crusades. New York: Macmillan, 1972.

Parmet describes and analyzes Eisenhower's major decisions, identifying him as a middle conservative who knew his convictions and was his own man as president.

Parrish, W. W. "Interview With Eisenhower." American Aviation 16 (1 September 1952):10, 12.

Parrish interviewed presidential candidate Eisenhower at his headquarters in Denver's Brown Palace Hotel. Topics covered in the two-page article include Eisenhower's views on air power, his evaluation of Pentagon operations, cutting government waste, and the aircraft industry.

Peeters, Paul. Massive Retaliation: The Policy and Its Critics. Chicago, IL: H. Regnery Co., published in cooperation with the Foundation for Foreign Affairs, 1959.

In 1954, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles introduced the policy of massive retaliation against foreign powers that might dare to attack the United States and the free world. Peeters presents a painstaking analysis of the policy and the debate over it between the Eisenhower administration and Democratic leaders. He defends the administration as using the only policy that would meet the harsh realities of the times.

Potter, Charles E. Days of Shame. New York: Coward- McCann, 1965.

Potter, a senator from Michigan who served on the Senate Government Operations Committee with Senators McCarthy, Dirksen, Mundt, McClellan, Symington, and Jackson, presents his views of events and how McCarthy was stopped, including Eisenhower's opinions and actions. (Richard Rovere, "The Untold Story of McCarthy's Fall," New York Review of Books, 28 October 1965:3 - 5, tells how Potter was manipulated into opposing McCarthy, something Potter does not admit here. The Rovere article is listed in the Bohanan bibliography published by the Eisenhower Library and is not listed in this bibliography.)

Powers, Francis Gary, and Curt Gentry. Operation Overflight: The U-2 Spy Pilot Tells His Story for the First Time. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970.

Powers' flight in the U-2 over Soviet territory and its resultant downing and capture occurred just before a summit conference and caused a major embarrassment and controversy for the Eisenhower administration. This autobiographical description of the events gives a rare glimpse into the life of a spy and CIA operations in that period.

Prina, L. Edgar. "Ike and the Navy." Navy 12 (March 1969):27-30.

This article praises Eisenhower for his keen appreciation and support of sea power - especially during his presidency. Unlike Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, Eisenhower supported the construction of nuclear-powered submarines and surface vessels and the creation of the fleet ballistic missile - the Polaris. He also picked outstanding Navy leaders for high-level positions, such as Admiral Arthur W. Radford as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and supported Vice Admiral H. G. Rickover, the Navy's nuclear expert. Prina also relates a number of anecdotes involving Eisenhower and his relationships with Navy personnel.

Pritchett, C. Herman. Congress Versus the Supreme Court, 1957 - 1960. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1961.

During Eisenhower's second term, the Supreme Court made a series of decisions that limited federal efforts to protect U.S. security from subversion. Since many Southern congressmen were already upset with the court's 1954 decision against public school segregation, these decisions of 1957-58 only further inflamed them and drew allies to their side. As a result, there were serious but unsuccessful efforts in the 85th and 86th Congresses to muzzle the court. In this book, Pritchett crisply describes and explains the court cases and decisions and congressional actions.

Pusey, Merlo J. Eisenhower, the President. New York: Macmillan, 1956.

Pusey, a Pulitzer Prize winning author, records Eisenhower's first term as president. Almost all reviewers agreed that this book was a serious appraisal of the presidency and thus above the level of traditional campaign literature.

Rabe, Stephen G. Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

In writing this study, which is the most recent survey of Eisenhower's Latin American policy, Rabe used standard secondary sources and new materials from the Eisenhower Library.

-----. "The Johnson (Eisenhower?) Doctrine for Latin America." Diplomatic History 9 (Winter 1985):95 - 100.

In this brief article, Rabe compares the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations' Latin American covert operations (Guatemala in 1954 and the Bay of Pigs in 1961) with the Johnson administration's invasion of the Dominican Republic in 1965.

Radford, Arthur William. From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam: The Memoirs of Admiral Arthur W. Radford. Edited by Stephen Jurika, Jr. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1980.

Radford's recollections of his interactions and work with Eisenhower begin with chapter 22 of this book. While officially visiting Southeast Asia as commander in chief, Pacific, in late 1952, Radford received word that President-Elect Eisenhower was en route to Korea and would like to meet with Radford. The two met in Iwo Jima, and Radford went to Korea at Eisenhower's invitation. The following August, Radford was appointed to the first of his two terms as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The remainder of the autobiography deals with the administration's involvement with the French crisis in Indochina, ending with events of the spring of 1954. Radford stopped writing in late 1972 and never resumed. Editor Stephen Jurika notes that Radford had arranged his papers (now in the Hoover Institution at Stanford, California) chronologically as if to continue writing. Radford died on 17 August 1973.

-----. The Collected Writings of Arthur W. Radford Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff. 2 vols. Washington, DC, 1957?

As chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Admiral Radford was an active figure in Eisenhower's administration. He was a hawk, and declassified records of National Security Council meetings attest to his stand in favor of using nuclear weapons against Communist China during the Quemoy-Matsu crises and of aiding the French in their struggles in Indochina. Volume 1 of the set covers 15 August 1953 to 15 August 1955, and volume 2 covers 15 August 1955 to 15 August 1957.

Reichard, Gary W. Politics as Usual: The Age of Truman and Eisenhower. Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson 1988.

This overview of the Truman and Eisenhower presidencies has no citations, but at the end of the book is a bibliographic essay of some length. Reichard claims that the period of some fifteen years following the end of World War II was a historically identifiable era in which both Truman and Eisenbower faced political deadlocks when the White House and Congress were controlled by opposite political parties. Thus, it was a time when both sides played politics. After 1954, Eisenbower. began to steadily lose influence with the Democratic Congress and thus accomplished little.

-----. The Reaffirmation of Republicanism: Eisenhower and the Eighty-Third Congress. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975.

In this work, Reichard concentrates on the first two years of Eisenhower's first term when Republicans controlled Congress. He analyzes the relationship between Eisenhower and Congress and identifies Eisenhower as an astute leader who increased presidential power. Reichard emphasizes congressional action in the areas of foreign policy, welfare, finance and economics, and the development of natural resources.

Richardson, Elmo. The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1979.

This volume reassesses the Eisenhower presidency, emphasizing Ike's philosophies and how he played a personal and very definite role in policy-making. Richardson surveys major events of the presidency and analyzes the president's actions, but he emphasizes the handling of civil rights issues.

Rivero, Nicolas. Castro's Cuba: An American Dilemma. Washington, DC: Luce, 1962.

During Eisenhower's second term, Fidel Castro led the rebels who overthrew the Fulgencio Batista dictatorship in Cuba and becarne the island nation's leader. The American media first welcomed Castro to the United States as a hero and then rapidly changed its views as Castro turned Cuba into a Soviet satellite. Nicolas Rivero was a Cuban who served in the Batista government and then defected to the Castro cause, serving as an information officer for the foreign ministry under Castro. He defected again when Castro turned to communism. In this work, he gives an eyewitness account of events, refuting the idea that the United States forced Castro to turn to the Communists for help and describing Castro's subversive efforts in Venezuela.

Rostow, W. W. Europe After Stalin: Eisenhower's Three Decisions of March 11, 1953. Ideas and Actions Series no. 3. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982.

A participant in the political events, Rostow claims in this book that, with Stalin dead, President Eisenhower could have eased relations with the Soviet Union, moved toward reunification of Germany, and ended the Korean War. But Rostow maintains that Eisenhower's hesitancy in acting, the anti-Communist philosophies of John Foster Dulles and the Republican Party, and the State Department's proposals for NATO policy all combined to negate the opportunity.

-----. Open Skies: Eisenhower's Proposal of July 21, 1955. Ideas and Action Series no. 4. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983.

The United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union scheduled a summit, conference in Geneva, Switzerland, in July 1955. A group of advisers led by Nelson Rockefeller and including Rostow developed proposals for Eisenhower to offer in Geneva. One called "Open Skies" suggested unilateral free aerial inspection of U.S. and Soviet territory. Eisenhower liked the proposal but laid it aside after Secretary of State Dulles objected strenuously. Then, in Geneva, Eisenhower inserted the proposal into his speech. The Soviets rejected the idea, but Eisenhower earned wide acclaim for his breakthrough effort. In this book, Rostow describes the events and the future effects of the proposal.

Rourke, John T. "Marshall, Eisenhower, and the Military Mind." Military Review 61 (February 1981):26 - 32.

The American public has long accepted the stereotype that military personnel should not serve as national policymakers because the "military mind" would demand military solutions to crises and other problems. Not so, says Rourke. He cites the many presidents who had military careers yet exhibited no such tendencies while in office. Then, he compares the civilian careers of George C. Marshall and Dwight D. Eisenhower. As secretary of state and then secretary of defense, Marshall was the major voice for moderation in the militant Truman administration. Eisenhower's eight years as president were full of international crises, yet he kept the United States out of war. In the end, Rourke suggests that Marshall's and Eisenhower's considerable military experience made them even more desirous of peace, for they knew only too well the limits of using military power and the human costs as well.

Rovere, Richard Halworth. The Eisenhower Years: Affairs of State. New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1956.

Based in Washington, D.C., Rovere wrote a "Letter From Washington" column for The New Yorker. In this book is a compilation of forty-one essays that appeared in The New Yorker and other publications and that form a journalist's critical commentary on Eisenhower's first term as president. Emphasis is on foreign policy and the activities of Senator McCarthy.

Saunders, Richard M. "Military Force in the Foreign Policy of the Eisenhower Presidency." Political Science Quarterly 100 (Spring 1985):97 - 116.

Saunders offers a lengthy analysis of President Eisenhower's philosophies and reasoning on the possible use of U.S. military forces during the many crises that arose during his presidency. Saunders divides his article into three sections. First, he considers Eisenhower's views of the world and his political opinions and then analyzes how Eisenhower's extensive military experience gave him insights in interpreting proposals for actions in crises and identifying flaws or other problems. The last section describes Eisenhower's decision making procedures and organization, including continuous contingency planning. In each section, Saunders uses extensive, illustrations from the Indochina, Suez, Quemoy-Matsu, and Lebanon crises to support his statements.

Schick, John R. The Berlin Crisis, 1958 - 1962. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania

Beginning in 1958, the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a continuing confrontation over Berlin that resulted in the construction of the Berlin Wall. For this book, Schick, a research associate at the Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research and an analyst for the Center for Naval Analyses, used newspaper accounts, memoirs, and available official records to discuss the events, dangers of the confrontations, miscalculations made by both sides, and problems presented by a divided city.

Schlesinger, Stephen, and Stephen Kinzer. Bitter Fruit: The Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1982.

Like Richard Immerman's The CIA in Guatemala, this 'work is a history of the United States' role in the 1954 overthrow of the Guatemalan government, a role that primarily consisted of covert activities by the Central Intelligence Agency under the code name of Operation Success. Schlesinger and Kinzer provide detailed background history of Guatemala and its people and describe the successful overthrow of President Arbenz. They conclude that Operation Success should have been called Operation Disaster since it served as a model for numerous future unsuccessful actions such as the Bay of Pigs.

Shulimson, Jack. Marines in Lebanon, 1958. Washington, DC: Historical Branch, G-3 Division, U.S.Marine Corps, 1966.

After a seven-page discussion of the political background of the Lebanon crisis, this book provides a history of the U.S. Marine Corps' participation in the intervention from July to October 1958.

Slater, Ellis D. The Ike I Knew. Material collected by Ernestine Durr. Edited and typed by Elsie Maki. N.p.: Tle Ellis D. Slater Trust, 1980.

Ellis Slater was a World War I veteran and chairman of the board of several companies. He first met Dwight Eisenhower in 1948 at the Augusta National Golf Club in Georgia, and the men found they had mutual interests. Slater's home was in New York City, and while Ike was president of Columbia University, the two men and their wives formed a close friendship and enjoyed an active social life that continued until Ike's death in 1969. Slater was an active supporter of Eisenhower's presidential campaigns and was often at the White House. Both he'and his wife kept personal diaries. This book contains entries from both diaries as well as correspondence exchanged with the Eisenhowers. The entries are arranged chronologically between 1950 and 1969. Historians Stephen Ambrose and Louis Galambos discovered the material, used it in their research, and influenced its publication. In the preface, they state that the book contains information on domestic and international affairs but is more important for its firsthand record of the Eisenhowers' personal life during the presidency.

Smith, A. Merriman. A President's Odyssey.- New York: Harper, 1961; Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1975.

A White House reporter for United Press International, Smith used his personal diaries and other sources to describe Eisenhower's nearly 100,000 miles of foreign travel in search of world peace.

-----. Meet Mister Eisenhower. New York: Harper, 1955.

This study was the first book-length account of Eisenhower as president and, among other things, showed why he was so popular.

Spiller, Roger J. "Not War But Like War": The American Intervention in Lebanon. Leavenworth Papers no. 3. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute, United States Army Command and General Staff College, 1981.

After the 1956 Suez crisis, the Western nations had practically no influence in the Middle East. Ties between Egypt and the Soviet Union heralded growing Communist aid to Middle Eastern countries, and in 1957, the Eisenhower administration responded with the "Eisenhower Doctrine." This doctrine offered military and economic aid to countries that might face Communist-supported invasion or subversion, and Lebanon sought such assistance. A country of divided religious and ethnic groups, Lebanon faced a deteriorating political situation. Dr. Spiller's study describes the complex political events and then presents and analyzes the planning and execution of the U.S. intervention in Lebanon. This operation, code named Bluebat, began on 15 July 1958 when a joint U.S. force from U.S. and European bases landed in Lebanon and began a 102-day occupation.

Strauss, Lewis L. Men and Decisions. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1962.

Born in 1896, Strauss had a long and distinguished career as a government official, beginning as secretary to Herbert Hoover during World War I. Having been a member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) from 1946 to 1950, he became President Eisenhower's special assistant on atomic energy matters in 1953 and served as chairman of the AEC from 1953 to 1958. From 1958 to 1959, he was secretary of commerce. In these memoirs, Strauss intimately describes his career, emphasizing his years with Hoover and the AEC.

Sundquist, James. Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1968.

Sundquist examines government and political policymaking when confronted by various domestic issues, such as education, unemployment, civil rights, and medicare, in 1053 through 1967.

Tananbaum,, Duane A. "The Bricker Amendment Controversy: Its Origins and Eisenhower's Role." Diplomatic History 9 (Winter 1985):73 - 93.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, fears that various international treaties and agreements, such as a proposed UN covenant on human rights, might become law in the United States and affect govermnent functions and citizens' rights led the American Bar Association and U.S. Senator John Bricker (Republican, Ohio) and other legislators to propose constitutional amendments. Bricker's amendment, as it went to Congress in 1954, said that treaties would not be in effect until approved by Congress and the forty-eight states and that all executive agreements would also have to be approved by Congress. The bill quickly won enormous support. But the Eisenhower administration opposed it. Eisenhower, his cabinet members, and other advisers recognized the damage such an amendment could do to normal federal government operations. Tananbaum's article presents the background of the Bricker bill and describes how the Eisenhower administration worked to defeat the bill by one vote.

Thompson, Kenneth W., ed. The Eisenhower Presidency: Eleven Intimate Perspectives of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Portraits of American Presidents, vol. 3. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1984.

This collection contains eleven essays and interviews divided under five sections: "Eisenhower the Man," "The Eisenhower White House," "Eisenhower as Political Leader," "Eisenhower and the Budget," and "Eisenhower's Moral and Political Values." Authors and interviewees were members of Ike's cabinet or staff or wrote biographical studies of the president.

Thomson, Charles Alexander Holmes, and Frances M. Shattuck. The 1956 Presidential Campaign. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1960.

Thompson and Shattuck examine and describe events of the 1956 campaign, including how the candidates ran their campaigns and why Eisenhower won.

Tsou, Tang. The Embroilment Over Quemoy: Mao, Chiang, and Dulles. Salt Lake City: Institute of International Studies, University of Utah, 1959.

Both Communist China and Chiang Kai-shek's National Chinese government on Taiwan claimed the islands of Quemoy and Matsu, but Chiang's forces held the islands. Communist artillery bombardment of the islands ended after several months of political and military posturing by both sides. Again in August 1958, the Communists intensified bombardment and successfully blockaded sea supply routes to Nationalist forces until U.S. escorts of Taiwanese supply ships and Secretary of State Dulles' political "brinksmanship" provided another stalemate. Tsou's 47-page pamphlet analyzes the crises and describes the strategy and tactics of Mao Tsetung, Chiang Kai-shek, and the Eisenhower administration and the events as they unfolded.

United States. Department of State. The Suez Canal Problem July 26 -September 22, 1956. Department of State Publication 6392. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1956.

On 26 July 1956, Gamal Abdel Nasser's Egyptian government nationalized the Universal Suez Maritime Canal Company. Between 19 July and 21 September, three meetings of international representatives failed to win the Egyptian response to proposals for free international use of the canal. This volume is a collection of documents and reports related to prior'canal agreements, Egyptian seizure, and international attempts to resolve the situation diplomatically.

Welch, Richard E. Responsible Revolution: The United States and the Cuban Revolution, 1959-1961. Chapel HillUniversity of North Carolina Press, 1985.

In this book, Welch examines the history of Fidel Castro's revolution in Cuba from his victory in January 1959 to the defeat of U.S.supported forces at the Bay of Pigs. He analyzes in detail American public attitudes toward Cuba during that period and how those attitudes affected the Cuban policies of the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations.

Wise, David, and Thomas B. Ross. The U-2 Affair. New York: Random House, 1962.

When the Soviets shot down the American U-2 reconnaissance plane on 1 May 1960 and captured its pilot, Gary Powers, the event brought great embarrassment to the Eisenhower administration. David Wise, White House correspondent for The New York Herald Tribune, and Thomas Ross, reporter of congressional and Pentagon affairs for The Chicago Sun-Times, collaborated in describing the episode from the downing of the plane, through Powers' trial, to his exchange for Rudolf Abel, a convicted Soviet spy.

Wolk, C. J. "The Military Industrial Complex in Perspective." Marine Corps Gazette 55 (August 1971):36 - 44.

In his 1961 farewell address, President Eisenhower talked at length about what he called the military-industrial complex, attempting to indicate the need for a balance in national objectives. Almost immediately, his term was used out of context until its meaning became twisted and controversial in the vernacular of the 1960s. Wolk defines the term as Eisenhower intended it and explains how American historical resistance to militarism contributed to the misunderstanding. Eisenhower's comments and suggestions are as applicable today as they were thirty years ago.

Juvenile Works

Altman, Frances. Dwight D. Eisenhower: Crusader for Peace. Minneapolis, MN: T. S. Denison, 1970.

Altman's biography covers Eisenhower's entire life and is aimed at readers from the upper elementary grades through high school. Her style is not particularly exciting, but she provides a well-balanced picture by emphasizing everyday events in his life and surroundings.

Ambrose, Stephen E. Ike: Abilene to Berlin; The Life of Dwight D. Eisenhower From His Childhood in Abilene, Kansas, Through His Command of the Allied Forces in Europe in World War II. New York: Harper, 1973.

Intended for grades seven through ten, Ambrose's biography creates a colorful and admiring portrait of Eisenhower as a person and military officer. Ambrose does not hesitate to describe Ike's temper, mistakes, and other shortcomings and also carefully presents all the controversial aspects of Eisenhower's relationships with Generals Montgomery and Patton.

Archer, Jules. Battlefield President: Dwight D. Eisenhower. New York: J. Messner, 1967.

Aimed at readers aged seven to nine, Archer's biography emphasizes Eisenhower's military career and presidency. Reviewers praised the book for its exciting description of Eisenhower's early years and military career but criticized some of Archer's attitudes about problems of the presidency.

Beckhard, Arthur J. The Story of Dwight D. Eisenhower. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1956.

Beckhard wrote this biography for a preteen and teenage audience. It covers Eisenhower from childhood to his election as president in 1952.

Carpenter, Allan. Dwight David Eisenhower: The Warring Peacemaker. Mighty Warriors series. Vero Beach, FL: Rourke Publications, 1987.

Written for readers in grades four through eight, the text is a little preachy in early descriptions of how his parents' methods of child rearing instilled basic mores in young Ike. Eventually, however, the book gets moving, and there are plenty of human-interest anecdotes to spice up the narrative along with numerous color and black and white photographs to further enhance it. Carpenter should have written more about the presidency, as he makes little mention of the many crises, but he does address some achievements and how historians' interpretations of Eisenhower's role as president have changed.

Darby, Jean. Dwight D. Eisenhower: A Man Called Ike. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications, 1989.

Darby's recent biography on Eisenhower is for sixth graders and up. It covers his military career and presidency and presents material in an easy-to-read and interesting format. Black and white photographs, maps, and a glossary embellish the text.

Faber, Doris. Dwight Eisenhower. New York: AbelardSchuman, 1977.

Designed for elementary school readers, Faber's biography presents a balanced account of Eisenhower's life in which the questionable aspects of the presidency, such as the McCarthy controversy, are not ignored.

Hargrove, Jim. Dwight D. Eisenhower. Encyclopedia of Presidents Series. Chicago, IL: Children's Press, 1987.

This biography is part of an encyclopedic set that many libraries put in their children's-room reference section. The book begins with a chapter covering the Normandy invasion and then flashes back in succeeding chapters to cover Eisenhower's full life in chronological order. To enliven the text, Hargrove uses many quotes from Eisenhower's letters to Mamie and other primary sources. The reading level is for the upper elementary grades and high school.

Hatch, Alden. Young Ike. New York: J. Messner, 1953.

Emphasis in this biography, which is for elementary school readers, is on Eisenhower as a child and young adult.

Hendrix, Sue. Dwight Eisenhower: Planner, Leader, President. Mankato, MN: Creative Education, distributed by Childrens Press, Chicago, 1974.

This thirty-page biography is for younger readers.

Hudson, Wilma J. Dwight D. Eisenhower: Young Military Leader. Childhood of Famous Americans Series. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1970.

Intended for readers in grades three through five, Hudson's book depicts Eisenhower's boyhood years in turn-ofthe-century Kansas and ends with a brief description of his adult career. The book has been very popular with young readers.

Lovelace, Delos Wheeler. "Ike" Eisenhower: Statesman and Soldier of Peace. New York: Crowell, 1953.

The first edition of this detailed biography appeared in 1944 with the title General "Ike" Eisenhower and was one of the first biographies of Eisenhower ever published. Over the years, it was updated and republished, with one edition appearing in 1969 after Eisenhower's death.

Maurois, Andre. Eisenhower, the Liberator. New York: Didier, 1946.

Maurois' study is another of the very early works on Eisenhower. Its strength is in the lively and dramatic descriptions of World War II events in which Eisenhower is always the central character. Both preteen and teenage readers are the designated audience of the book.

Moos, Malcolm Charles. Dwight D. Eisenhower. Landmark Books [no.] 106. New York: Randbm,House, 1964.

Moos, another of Eisenhower's many speech writers, targets his biography for children ages ten to fourteen. He covers the time from Ike's West Point years through his second term as president and does not avoid discussing events such as the Adams-Goldfine affair or the U-2 incident.

Sandberg, Peter Lars. Dwight D. Eisenhower. World LeaderPast and Present Series. New York: Chelsea House, 1986.

This book is one of a large series of well-reviewed and researched biographies for young adult readers (grades eight and up). It has excellent illustrations, and the succinct text describes Eisenhower's life and place in history in a style that is warm and human.

Steinberg, Alfred. Dwight David Eisenhower. New York: Putnam, 1968.

This biography, which is intended for teenage readers, covers Eisenhower's life to 1962. Steinberg emphasizes Ike's military career and describes World War II military strategy and relationships between Allied commanders very well. There is not much information on Eisenhower as president.

Miscellany

Hope, Bob. "Tee Time With the Presidents." Saturday Evening Post 258 (January - February 1986):66 - 67, 102, 110.

Eisenhower loved a good game of golf and, as president, found frequent opportunities to play. Noted entertainer Bob Hope, another avid golfer, recalls his experiences playing with several presidents, including Ike, and recounts a number of anecdotes about Eisenhower.

Jameson, Henry B. Heroes by the Dozen. 1st Ransas Centennial ed. Abilene, KS: Printed by Shadinger-Wilson Printers, 1961.

Jameson tells the story of the city of Abilene and its famous sons. His famous sons include leading local personalities, such as businessmen, bankers, and so forth. At the end of the book, Jameson discusses Dwight D. Eisenhower and especially describes his visits to Abilene as an Army officer and president. Part of the book was originally written by J. B. Edwards, a pioneer Abilene resident. Jameson expands Edwards' text by using records from the Abilene Public Library, Kansas State Historical Library, Eisenhower Library, and privately owned records, but Jameson does not document his text.

National Cartoonists Society. President Eisenhower's Cartoon Book By 95 of America's Leading Cartoonists, Members of the National Cartoonists Society. New York: Published in conjunction with United States Savings Bonds Program by F. Fell, 1956.

In June 1954, President Eisenhower had a breakfast meeting in Washington with members of the National Cartoonists Society. In honor of the president's hobby as a painter, the society made him an honorary member. Members submitted cartoons in honor of their meeting, and the cartoons were published in this volume. Several tease the president about his golf game, while others are cartoon portraits that often also include characters from cartoon strips such as "Pogo" or "The Phantom."

Palmer, Norman, and William V. Levy. Five Star Golf. With a foreword by Dwight D. Eisenhower. New York: Duell, 1964.

Professional golfer Norman Palmer was another of Eisenhower's sometime partners. In the first half of this book, the authors describe Ike's golfing abilities, games, and sporting personality. The rest of the book gives tips for weekend golfers.

Russoli, Edward, and Candace Russoli. Ike the Cook. Allentown, PA: Bendettini Books, 1990.

Dwight Eisenhower was indeed a man of many abilities, and this book celebrates his outstanding culinary talent and includes many of his favorite recipes along with anecdotes related to them. The recipes came from the Eisenhower Library, family members and friends, and former Secret Service agents, among others.

Weyandt, Dorothy E. I Was a Guide for Three U.S. Presidents: As Taken From the; Log of a Famous Brule Guide, Steve Weyand I. Brule, WI: Weyandt, 1976.

The Brule River in northern Wisconsin flows a short fifty miles northward into Lake Superior. Originally the habitat of brook trout, it also became the home for the rainbow and German brown trout introduced early in this century. Frequent railroad service to the town of Brule attracted fishermen from many areas of the country, including five presidents. Born in Brule in 1905, Steve Weyandt became a fishing guide at the age of fifteen and guided Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and Dwight Eisenhower among others. The last chapter of this record describes General Eisenhower's visit to Brule in the fall of 1952 and the experiences the two men had night fishing for trout. There is no political or military information here, just the experiences of two dedicated fishermen.

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